requests(爬蟲(chóng)系列之一)

由于最近工作中，與同事對(duì)接模擬手機(jī)瀏覽器進(jìn)行廣告模擬跳轉(zhuǎn)。又一次接觸用到爬蟲(chóng)的知識(shí)，以前用過(guò)urllib + bs4 + selenium定向爬取網(wǎng)易一元奪寶的商品信息保存在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，當(dāng)時(shí)，還是太年輕，對(duì)爬蟲(chóng)不是很了解，對(duì)爬蟲(chóng)的robots協(xié)議也不知道。現(xiàn)在重新梳理一下爬蟲(chóng)的知識(shí)。爭(zhēng)取寫(xiě)一個(gè)系列，大致內(nèi)容順序是requests, bs4,re, scrapy, selenium等。
在介紹requests庫(kù)之前，先介紹以下基本的http概念,
下面內(nèi)容是在上嵩天教授課程筆記整理。在這里感謝他。

追尋

HTTP協(xié)議

HTTP,超文本傳輸協(xié)議（HTTP，HyperText Transfer Protocol)是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議。所有的WWW文件都必須遵守這個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。設(shè)計(jì)HTTP最初的目的是為了提供一種發(fā)布和接收HTML頁(yè)面的方法,HTTP是一種基于"請(qǐng)求與響應(yīng)"模式的、無(wú)狀態(tài)的應(yīng)用層協(xié)議。HTTP協(xié)議采用URL作為定位網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的的標(biāo)識(shí)符。
http://host[:post][path]
host:合法的Internet主機(jī)域名或ip地址
port:端口號(hào)，缺省為80
path:請(qǐng)求資源的路徑

HTTP URl的理解:
url是通過(guò)HTTP協(xié)議存取資源的的Internet路徑，一個(gè)URL對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)資源

HTTP協(xié)議對(duì)資源的操作

以上方法中，GET,HEAD是從服務(wù)器獲取信息到本地，PUT,POST,PATCH,DELETE是從本地向服務(wù)器提交信息。通過(guò)URL和命令管理資源，操作獨(dú)立無(wú)狀態(tài)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通道及服務(wù)器成了黑盒子。
文檔

安裝

pip install requests

requests庫(kù)安裝小測(cè)

import request
url = 'https://www.baidu.com'
r = requests.get(url)
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
print(r.text[-200:])

Out[13]: 'w.baidu.com/duty/>使用百度前必讀</ a>  < a href= >意見(jiàn)反饋</ a> 京ICP證030173號(hào)  < img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p > </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>\r\n'

requests庫(kù)7個(gè)主要方法

requests.get()

r = requests.get(url)
r:是一個(gè)Response對(duì)象，一個(gè)包含服務(wù)器資源的對(duì)象
.get(url):是一個(gè)Request對(duì)象，構(gòu)造一個(gè)向服務(wù)器請(qǐng)求資源的Request。

In [4]: type(requests.get(url))
Out[4]: requests.models.Response

下面看一下源碼:

def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):
    kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)
    return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs) #返回一個(gè)request對(duì)象

＃　request對(duì)象，另外,method參數(shù)就是修改http方法
def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    with sessions.Session() as session:
        return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)
        
class Session(SessionRedirectMixin):
....
    # session的reqeust方法
    def request(self, method, url,
        params=None,
        data=None,
        headers=None,
        cookies=None,
        files=None,
        auth=None,
        timeout=None,
        allow_redirects=True,
        proxies=None,
        hooks=None,
        stream=None,
        verify=None,
        cert=None,
        json=None):
        #　構(gòu)造一個(gè)Request對(duì)象.
        req = Request(
            method = method.upper(),
            url = url,
            headers = headers,
            files = files,
            data = data or {},
            json = json,
            params = params or {},
            auth = auth,
            cookies = cookies,
            hooks = hooks,
        )
        prep = self.prepare_request(req)

        proxies = proxies or {}

        settings = self.merge_environment_settings(
            prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert
        )

        # Send the request.
        send_kwargs = {
            'timeout': timeout,
            'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,
        }
        send_kwargs.update(settings)
        resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)

        return resp

get方法參數(shù)

request.get(url,params=None,**kwargs)
從上面的源碼也可以知道，解釋一下參數(shù)含義
url: 獲取html的網(wǎng)頁(yè)的url
params:url中的額外的參數(shù)，字典或字節(jié)流格式，可選
**kwargs:　12個(gè)控制訪問(wèn)的參數(shù)

Requests中兩個(gè)重要的對(duì)象

r = requests.get(url)
r:是一個(gè)Response對(duì)象，一個(gè)包含服務(wù)器資源的對(duì)象,Request對(duì)象包含爬蟲(chóng)返回的內(nèi)容。
.get(url):是一個(gè)Request對(duì)象，構(gòu)造一個(gè)向服務(wù)器請(qǐng)求資源的Request。
x下面用例子看一下，返回的對(duì)象包含的內(nèi)容

In [5]: type(r)  ＃打印類型
Out[5]: requests.models.Response

In [6]: dir(r)　＃顯示具有的屬性和方法
Out[6]: 
['__attrs__',
 '__bool__',
 '__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__getstate__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__iter__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__nonzero__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__setstate__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__',
 '__weakref__',
 '_content',
 '_content_consumed',
 'apparent_encoding',
 'close',
 'connection',
 'content',
 'cookies',
 'elapsed',
 'encoding',
 'headers',
 'history',
 'is_permanent_redirect',
 'is_redirect',
 'iter_content',
 'iter_lines',
 'json',
 'links',
 'ok',
 'raise_for_status',
 'raw',
 'reason',
 'request',
 'status_code',
 'text',
 'url']

列出幾個(gè)重要的屬性：

理解Response編碼
r.encoding:如果header中不存在charset,則認(rèn)為編碼是ISO-8859-1,r.text根據(jù)r.encoding顯示網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容
r.apparent_encoding:根據(jù)網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容分析處的編碼方式可以看做是r.encoding的備選

response = requests.get('http://www.lxweimin.com/')
# 獲取響應(yīng)狀態(tài)碼
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)
# 獲取響應(yīng)頭信息
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)
# 獲取響應(yīng)頭中的cookies
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)
# 獲取訪問(wèn)的url
print(type(response.url),response.url)
# 獲取訪問(wèn)的歷史記錄
print(type(response.history),response.history)

理解requests庫(kù)的異常

網(wǎng)絡(luò)鏈接有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，異常處理很重要

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException

try:
  response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
          print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
  # 超時(shí)異常
  print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
  # 連接異常
  print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
  # 請(qǐng)求異常
  print('Error')

理解Response的異常

r.raise_for_status()
如果status_code不是200,產(chǎn)生異常requests.HTTPError

r.raise_for_status()方法內(nèi)部判斷r.status_code是否等于200不需要增加額外的if語(yǔ)句，該語(yǔ)句便于利用try-except進(jìn)行異常處理。
raise_for_status源碼

   def raise_for_status(self):
       """Raises stored :class:`HTTPError`, if one occurred."""

       http_error_msg = ''
       if isinstance(self.reason, bytes):
           # We attempt to decode utf-8 first because some servers
           # choose to localize their reason strings. If the string
           # isn't utf-8, we fall back to iso-8859-1 for all other
           # encodings. (See PR #3538)
           try:
               reason = self.reason.decode('utf-8')
           except UnicodeDecodeError:
               reason = self.reason.decode('iso-8859-1')
       else:
           reason = self.reason

       if 400 <= self.status_code < 500:
           http_error_msg = u'%s Client Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)

       elif 500 <= self.status_code < 600:
           http_error_msg = u'%s Server Error: %s for url: %s' % (self.status_code, reason, self.url)

       if http_error_msg:
           raise HTTPError(http_error_msg, response=self)

requests內(nèi)置的狀態(tài)字符

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from .structures import LookupDict

_codes = {

    # Informational.
    100: ('continue',),
    101: ('switching_protocols',),
    102: ('processing',),
    103: ('checkpoint',),
    122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
    200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '?'),
    201: ('created',),
    202: ('accepted',),
    203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
    204: ('no_content',),
    205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
    206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
    207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
    208: ('already_reported',),
    226: ('im_used',),

    # Redirection.
    300: ('multiple_choices',),
    301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
    302: ('found',),
    303: ('see_other', 'other'),
    304: ('not_modified',),
    305: ('use_proxy',),
    306: ('switch_proxy',),
    307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
    308: ('permanent_redirect',
          'resume_incomplete', 'resume',),  # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

    # Client Error.
    400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
    401: ('unauthorized',),
    402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
    403: ('forbidden',),
    404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
    405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
    406: ('not_acceptable',),
    407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
    408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
    409: ('conflict',),
    410: ('gone',),
    411: ('length_required',),
    412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
    413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
    414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
    415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
    416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
    417: ('expectation_failed',),
    418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
    421: ('misdirected_request',),
    422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
    423: ('locked',),
    424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
    425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
    426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
    428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
    429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
    431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
    444: ('no_response', 'none'),
    449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
    450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
    451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
    499: ('client_closed_request',),

    # Server Error.
    500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '?'),
    501: ('not_implemented',),
    502: ('bad_gateway',),
    503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
    504: ('gateway_timeout',),
    505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
    506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
    507: ('insufficient_storage',),
    509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
    510: ('not_extended',),
    511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),
}

codes = LookupDict(name='status_codes')

for code, titles in _codes.items():
    for title in titles:
        setattr(codes, title, code)
        if not title.startswith('\\'):
            setattr(codes, title.upper(), code)

以上的方法特別好，可以借鑒使用在自己項(xiàng)目中進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)映射轉(zhuǎn)換。
reqeust.codes可以使用屬性方式去訪問(wèn)。如：

print(requests.codes.ok)
200
print(requests.codes.unordered_collection)
425
type(requests.codes.not_extended)
Out[15]: int
print(requests.codes.not_extended)
510

爬取網(wǎng)頁(yè)的通用代碼框架

# coding: utf8

import requests


def get_html(url, params):
    try:
        r = requests.get(url, params)
        r.raise_for_status()
        r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
        return r.text
    except:
        return "raise exception"


if __name__ == "__main__":
    url = "http://www.baidu.com"
    print(get_html(url))

Requests庫(kù)中的head()方法

head

Requests庫(kù)中的post()方法

post

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {     #post提交的data是一個(gè)字典的
    "key1": "youdi", # 就會(huì)格式化成一個(gè)form
    "king": "youdi", 
    "value": "the one"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "35", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.240.20.24", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}


{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "ABCDEFG",  # post提交的data是字符串 ，編碼為data
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "7", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "183.240.20.24", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

Requests庫(kù)中的put()方法

put

requests庫(kù)主要方法解析

requests.request(method, url, **kwagrs)

• method:　請(qǐng)求方式，對(duì)應(yīng)get/put/post等7種方法
• url: 獲取頁(yè)面的url鏈接
• **kwargs:　控制訪問(wèn)的參數(shù)，共有13個(gè)

method:請(qǐng)求方式

r = requests.request(method='GET', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.get(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='HEAD', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.head(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='POST', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.post(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='PUT', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.put(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='PATCH', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.patch(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='DELETE', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.delete(url, **kwargs)
r = requests.request(method='OPTIONS', url=url, **kwargs)
r = requests.options(url, **kwargs)

說(shuō)明：上面的方法和下面的方法達(dá)到的效果是一樣的，就是做了一層封裝，把比較常用的方法都抽出來(lái)，python中很多庫(kù)都是這樣做的。典型的就是matplotlib中模仿matlab使用最簡(jiǎn)單的method繪制目標(biāo)圖。這個(gè)內(nèi)容后面會(huì)更新給大家。

**kwargs:控制訪問(wèn)的參數(shù)，均為可選項(xiàng)

• params: 字典或字節(jié)序列，作為參數(shù)增加到url中
• data:字典，字節(jié)序列或文件對(duì)象,作為Request的內(nèi)容
• json: JSON格式的數(shù)據(jù)，作為Request的內(nèi)容
• headers: 字典, HTTP定制頭
• cookie: 字典或CooKiJar, Request中的cookie
• auth: 元祖，支持HTTP認(rèn)證功能
• files: 字典類型，傳輸文件
• timeout: 設(shè)定超時(shí)時(shí)間，秒為單位
• proxies: 字典類型，設(shè)定訪問(wèn)代理服務(wù)器，可以增加登錄認(rèn)證
• allow_redirects: True/False,默認(rèn)為True,重定向開(kāi)關(guān)
  stream: True/False，默認(rèn)為True,獲取內(nèi)容立即下載開(kāi)關(guān)
  verity: True/False默認(rèn)Ture,認(rèn)證ssl證書(shū)開(kāi)關(guān)
  cert: 本地ssl證書(shū)路徑

遠(yuǎn)方 背影

下面逐一介紹

params
字典或字節(jié)序列，作為參數(shù)增加到url中

In [36]: payload
Out[36]: {'key1': 'one', 'key2': 'two'}

In [37]: r = requests.request('GET', 'http://python123.io/ws', params=payload)

In [38]: print(r.url)
http://python123.io/ws?key1=one&key2=two

data
字典，字節(jié)序列或文件對(duì)象,作為Request的內(nèi)容

import requests
payload = {'key1':'one', 'key2':'two'}
url = 'http://httpbin.org/put'
r = requests.put(url=url, data=payload)
# or 
r = requests.put(url=url, data='ABCDEFG') #字符串

json
JSON格式的數(shù)據(jù)，作為Request的內(nèi)容

In [48]: kv = {'name': 'youdi', 'role': 'king', 'rank': 'the one'}

In [49]: url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'

In [50]: r = requests.request(method='POST', url=url, json=kv)

In [51]: print(r.text)
{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "{\"role\": \"king\", \"rank\": \"the one\", \"name\": \"youdi\"}",  #json格式，其實(shí)就是字符串
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "52", 
    "Content-Type": "application/json", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.13.0"
  }, 
  "json": {
    "name": "youdi", 
    "rank": "the one", 
    "role": "king"
  }, 
  "origin": "183.60.175.16", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

headers
字典, HTTP定制頭部信息，隱藏爬蟲(chóng)信息，模擬瀏覽器的頭部信息

In [58]: url = 'http://httpbin.org/post'

In [59]: r = requests.request('POST', url)

# 頭部信息
In [69]: r.request.headers
# 觀察User-Agent
Out[69]: {'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.13.0', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Content-Length': '0'}


#加入headers后
In [62]: headers = { # 瀏覽器代理
    ...:      "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Ch
    ...: rome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36"
    ...: }
In [63]: r = requests.request('POST', url, headers=headers)

In [71]: r.request.headers
Out[71]: {'Accept': '*/*', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Content-Length': '0'}

cookie
字典或CooKiJar, Request中的cookie

#先獲取百度的cookie
In [74]: r = requests.request('GET', 'https://www.baidu.com')

In [75]: r
Out[75]: <Response [200]>
# 保存在變量中
In [76]: cookie = r.cookies

# cookie類型
In [86]: type(cookie)
Out[86]: requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar


In [77]: r_baidu = requests.request('POST', 'https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=old&rsv_pq=981edbe6000308e9&rsv_t=76c1VG%2B1PcKzCGSEjcf3W2zDn5ZcBnhR1TAe%2FcJ32OW62aKsa5DWo7YYsms&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=2', cookie=cookie)
# https://www.baidu.com/s?ie=utf-8&f=8&rsv_bp=0&rsv_idx=1&tn=baidu&wd=test&rsv_pq=981edbe6000308e9&rsv_t=76c1VG%2B1PcKzCGSEjcf3W2zDn5ZcBnhR1TAe%2FcJ32OW62aKsa5DWo7YYsms&rqlang=cn&rsv_enter=1&rsv_sug3=2 中 wd修改關(guān)鍵詞 就是提交給百度進(jìn)行搜索的內(nèi)容

auth
元祖，支持HTTP認(rèn)證功能

import requests
# 最簡(jiǎn)單的http驗(yàn)證
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/auth', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', 'user'))
# r = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/auth', auth=('user', 'user'))
print(r.status_code)

files
字典類型，傳輸文件

fs = {file: open('data.xls', 'rb')}
# 使用files參數(shù)就可以了
r = requests.request('POST','http://httpbin.org/post',files=fs)

timesout
設(shè)定超時(shí)時(shí)間，秒為單位

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout

try:
  # 設(shè)置必須在500ms內(nèi)收到響應(yīng)，不然或拋出ReadTimeout異常
  response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)
           print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
  print('Timeout')

proxies
字典類型，設(shè)定訪問(wèn)代理服務(wù)器，可以增加登錄認(rèn)證

import requests

#普通代理
proxies = {
   "http": "http://127.0.0.1:1080",
   "https": "https://127.0.0.1:1080",
}
# 往請(qǐng)求中設(shè)置代理(proxies)
r = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)

# 帶有用戶名和密碼的代理
proxies = {
   "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/",
}
r = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)

# 設(shè)置socks代理,翻墻必備
proxies = {
   'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080',
   'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:1080'
}
r = requests.get("https://www.google.com", proxies=proxies)
print(r.status_code)

allow_redirects
True/False,默認(rèn)為True,重定向開(kāi)關(guān)

r = requests.request('GET','http://httpbin.org/get',allow_redirects=False)

stream
True/False，默認(rèn)為True,獲取內(nèi)容立即下載開(kāi)關(guān)

r = requests.request('GET','http://httpbin.org/get/**.txt',stream=False)

verity
True/False默認(rèn)Ture,認(rèn)證ssl證書(shū)開(kāi)關(guān)

# 無(wú)證書(shū)訪問(wèn)
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
# 在請(qǐng)求https時(shí)，request會(huì)進(jìn)行證書(shū)的驗(yàn)證，如果驗(yàn)證失敗則會(huì)拋出異常
print(r.status_code)


# 關(guān)閉驗(yàn)證，但是仍然會(huì)報(bào)出證書(shū)警告
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(r.status_code)

# 消除關(guān)閉證書(shū)驗(yàn)證的警告
from requests.packages import urllib3

# 關(guān)閉警告
urllib3.disable_warnings()
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(r.status_code)

cert
本地ssl證書(shū)路徑

# 設(shè)置本地證書(shū)
r = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/home/youdi/Download/**.crt', '/hone/youdi/.ssh/**.key'))
print(r.status_code)

初心未改

requests介紹完了，格式不是太好，在此抱歉，爬蟲(chóng)系列有時(shí)間話會(huì)一直更新下去，另外，爬蟲(chóng)系列完了，計(jì)劃做關(guān)于python數(shù)據(jù)處理與繪圖系列。

謝謝閱讀，不要吝嗇你的點(diǎn)贊或打賞。