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TPO4
Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
【單詞】
marshy：adj. 沼澤的
understory：n. 林下葉層
meadow['m?do]：n. 草地
browse：v. 瀏覽，吃草，隨意翻閱
huckleberry：n. 越橘類
fair-weather：adj. 只適用于好天氣的，不可患難的
harsh：adj. 嚴(yán)厲的
dormancy：n. 休眠，冬眠
compensation：n. 補(bǔ)償，修正，補(bǔ)救方法
hibernate：v. 冬眠
built-in：adj. 內(nèi)置的，固有的
elevation：n. 高處，高地，高度，海拔
bushy：adj. 濃密的，茂密的
cedar：n. 西洋杉
hemlock：n. 鐵杉
red alder：n. 赤楊
arboreal：adj. 樹上的，樹木的
fodder：n. 草料，飼料
markedly：adv. 引人注意的，明顯的
bemoan：v. 惋惜
succulent[?s?kjul?nt]：adj. 多汁的，津津有味的
game：n. 獵物；v. 打獵
elk：n. 麋鹿
consume：v. 消耗，消費(fèi)，吃光，喝光
expedition：n. 遠(yuǎn)征
Fort Vancouver：溫哥華堡
headquarters：n. 總部，指揮部，司令部
botanical：adj. 植物學(xué)的
disturbing：adj. 令人不安的
picturesquely：adv. 繪畫般地
bode：v. 預(yù)示
plight：n. 境況
encroach：v. 侵犯，侵占，蠶食，侵蝕
biotic：adj. 生物的，有關(guān)生命的
yield：v. 屈服，投降，生產(chǎn)，獲利；n. 產(chǎn)量，產(chǎn)額
indefinite：adj. 不明確的，無限期的
review：v. 評(píng)論，復(fù)習(xí)
rebound：n. 彈回，反彈
predator：n. 捕食者，食肉動(dòng)物
cougar：n. 美洲獅
lynx：n. 猞猁
restoration：n. 恢復(fù)，復(fù)位
tract：n. 大片土地，（神經(jīng)）束
deforest：v. 砍伐森林
protein：n. 蛋白質(zhì)
【短語】
- almost in the same breath：與此同時(shí)……
【長難句】
- The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.
- A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.
- Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."
- Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.
- In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.
【段落大意與邏輯聯(lián)系】
- 第一段：介紹了兩種目前皮吉特灣常見的鹿類，并簡單介紹棲息地與現(xiàn)狀。
- 第二段：鹿的生活習(xí)性，在氣候環(huán)境惡劣的植被休眠期，有理論認(rèn)為它們會(huì)遷徙到有高灌木的低地。
- 第三段：鹿的數(shù)量在不斷的波動(dòng)變化。game，fort
- 第四段：波動(dòng)變化的影響因素和影響對(duì)比。在殖民者不斷的侵蝕改造下，鹿的數(shù)量勢(shì)必不斷減少，然而相對(duì)于白尾鹿變成保護(hù)動(dòng)物的局面，黑尾鹿卻因受到這種影響而不斷增加。
- 第五段：闡述黑尾鹿數(shù)量增加的可能原因，共三個(gè)，天敵的減少，政策的保護(hù)，最重要的是森林更多的變成平原，作為草料的植物生長的更好。
【錯(cuò)題】
5.The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?
A. The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.
B. Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.
C. There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.
D. Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.
你的答案：B 正確答案：A
【原文參考】
The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.（中心句） The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation.
【解析】
功能目的題，往前看，這兩個(gè)人明顯是早期探險(xiǎn)家的一個(gè)例子，讀前句說他們知道原本有很多鹿的但又沒找到，很顯然這句話不足以作為一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，往前看本段中心句： The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. 本段中心句說鹿的數(shù)量變化很大，對(duì)應(yīng)A選項(xiàng)的varied，所以A正確。BCD都沒有提及。
9.Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?
A. Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.
B. The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.
C. The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.
D. Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.
你的答案：A 正確答案：B
【原文參考】
A項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)
since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period.
B項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)
Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.
【解析】
B 問整個(gè)第四段，看首句，而且首句說reduction in numbers，與問題中的deer population重合，說鹿數(shù)量的下降預(yù)示它們的生存變得艱難，但看選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)沒有與之重合的選項(xiàng)，于是可以繼續(xù)往下看，下面就說到有的鹿群完蛋了，但同時(shí)也有的鹿群繁盛了，眾多答案中只有B說到鹿的數(shù)量增加，所以答案是B。當(dāng)然也可以排除法，A選項(xiàng)關(guān)于1940s原文說early 1940s，跟答案說的1940s不一樣，錯(cuò)；C說黑尾鹿沒有了，剛好和原文黑尾鹿數(shù)量增加相反，錯(cuò)；原文沒有冬夏對(duì)比，D錯(cuò)。
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.
A.The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.
B.Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.
C.In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.
D.Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.
E.Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.
F.Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.
你的答案：BEF 正確答案：BCE
【解析】
The balance選項(xiàng)前半句是對(duì)的，但后半句與第一段的最后兩句說反，應(yīng)該是黑多，錯(cuò)。
Deer populations選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第三段首句和第四段第二三句，正確。
in the long term選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第五段首句，第二句和第四句，正確。
because選項(xiàng)太細(xì)節(jié)，不選。
although選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段首句和第五句，正確。
wildlife選項(xiàng)原文沒有提及，錯(cuò)。
Cave Art in Europe
【單詞】
trace：n. 痕跡
bead：n. 珠子
Paleolithic[?pe?li??l?θ?k]：adj. 舊石器時(shí)代的
crude：adj. 粗略的，粗糙的
marked：adj. 明顯的，顯著的
slab：n. 厚板，平板，厚片
excavate：v. 挖掘， 發(fā)掘
backdrop：n. 背景
trappings：n. 裝飾，外部標(biāo)志
chip：n. 碎片，缺口
herd：n. 獸群
symbolic：adj. 象征性的
explicitly：adv. 明確地，明白地
tusk：n. 長牙，尖形物
mammoth：n. 猛犸象
bovine：n. 牛，牛科動(dòng)物
reindeer：n. 馴鹿
confine：v. 限制
shaft：n. 桿狀物
engraving：n. 版畫，雕刻作品
notation：n. 記號(hào)，標(biāo)記法
figurine：n. 小雕像，小塑像
fertility：n. 多產(chǎn)，繁殖力
【詞組】
- In addition, ...：除此之外……
- be consistent with the idea that ...：與……的觀念相一致
【長難句】
- The researchers Peter Ucko and Andree Rosenfeld identified three principal locations of paintings in the caves of western Europe: (1) in obviously inhabited rock shelters and cave entrances; (2) in galleries immediately off the inhabited areas of caves; and (3) in the inner reaches of caves, whose difficulty of access has been interpreted by some as a sign that magical-religious activities were performed there.
- This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings.
- The particular symbolic significance of the cave paintings in southwestern France is more explicitly revealed, perhaps, by the results of a study conducted by researchers Patricia Rice and Ann Paterson.
- Thus, the paintings are consistent with the idea that the art is related to the importance of hunting in the economy of Upper Paleolithic people.
- Consistent with this idea, according to the investigators, is the fact that the art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic also seems to reflect how people got their food.
- In addition to other artworks, figurines representing the human female in exaggerated form have also been found at Upper Paleolithic sites.
【段落大意與邏輯聯(lián)系】
- 第一段：洞穴作畫的起源時(shí)間可以追溯到很早很早，不僅在歐洲，包括非洲，洞穴的作畫都有類似相同的發(fā)掘時(shí)間，并且在澳洲可能更早。
- 第二段：洞穴作畫的三個(gè)主要位置。
- 第三段：洞穴作畫的主題絕大多是動(dòng)物，以及對(duì)于該主題是動(dòng)物這一特征的三種解釋。【一般】
- 第四段：在法國西南部的洞穴作畫中，得出作畫大多為作畫者更加喜愛或者畏懼的大型危險(xiǎn)動(dòng)物，因此藝術(shù)與捕獵在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的重要性也息息相關(guān)。【特殊】
- 第五段：舊石器時(shí)期晚期的其他藝術(shù)形式。
【錯(cuò)題】
1.The word “marked” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. considerable
B. surprising
C. limited
D. adequate
你的答案：B 正確答案：A
【原文參考】
We might expect that early artistic efforts would be crude, but the cave paintings of Spain and southern France show a marked degree of skill.
【解析】
mark: 標(biāo)記，marked: 明顯的，顯著的。對(duì)應(yīng)原文所在句的上半句講我們認(rèn)為artistic efforts是比較粗劣的，后面來了個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折，說他們應(yīng)該有怎么樣的技巧，considerable相當(dāng)大（或多）的； 該注意的，應(yīng)考慮的。limited感情色彩反了，surprise意思太夸張，而且surprise也不一定是好，adequate意思過了。
8.Why does the author mention that Upper Paleolithic cave art seemed to have “reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing”?
A. To argue that Upper Paleolithic art ceased to include animals when herds of game became scarce
B. To provide support for the idea that the aim of the paintings was to increase the supply of animals for hunting
C. To emphasize the continued improvement in the quality of cave art throughout the Upper Paleolithic period
D. To show the direct connection between the decrease in herds of game and the end of the Upper Paleolithic period
你的答案：C 正確答案：B
【原文參考】
Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing .
【解釋】
功能目的題，例子所在的那句說當(dāng)獵物變少的時(shí)候，這樣的巖畫達(dá)到了高峰，往前看，之前一句說人們之所以畫這樣的畫是因?yàn)橄氲玫礁嗟墨C物，所以這句話就是證明畫畫是想要更多的獵物，答案B正確。
14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that explain the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Upper Paleolithic cave paintings in Western Europe are among humanity’s earliest artistic efforts.
A.Researchers have proposed several different explanations for the fact that animals were the most common subjects in the cave paintings.
B.The art of the cultural period that followed the Upper Paleolithic ceased to portray large game animals and focused instead on the kinds of animals that people of that period preferred to hunt.
C.Some researchers believe that the paintings found in France provide more explicit evidence of their symbolic significance than those found in Spain, southern Africa, and Australia.
D.The cave paintings focus on portraying animals without also depicting the natural environments in which these animals are typically found.
E.Some researchers have argued that the cave paintings mostly portrayed large animals that provided Upper Paleolithic people with meat and materials.
F.Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.
你的答案：ABF 正確答案：AEF
【解析】
文章標(biāo)題暗示有幾種展開方向：藝術(shù)的特點(diǎn)（現(xiàn)象描述）／藝術(shù)的發(fā)展（歷史敘述）／為什么畫這些藝術(shù)（現(xiàn)象解釋）
首段說舊石器時(shí)代藝術(shù)水平高，年代久，算是背景介紹
二段進(jìn)入主題，說藝術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)的3個(gè)位置。
三段說一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，主要畫動(dòng)物，給出解釋，各有褒貶。
四段說兩個(gè)人的觀點(diǎn)，給出正面支持。
五段從主題引申，扯到其他藝術(shù)。
引出句概括首段內(nèi)容，正確答案應(yīng)概括以后各段大意。
A（researchers have proposed）選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)整個(gè)第三段，提出了三個(gè)主要畫動(dòng)物的解釋，正確。
B（the art）選項(xiàng)文章沒有說，不選。
C（some researchers believe）選項(xiàng)文章沒有說，不選。
D（the cave）選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選。
E（some researchers have）選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文第四段，正確。
F（besides）選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)第五段，正確.
Petroleum Resources
【單詞】
decompose：v. 分解
convert：v. 轉(zhuǎn)變
subject：v. 提供，提出，使……隸屬
droplet：n. 小滴，小水珠
derrick：n. 起重機(jī)，（油井的）井架
permanent：adj. 永久的，不變的，穩(wěn)定的，常設(shè)的
portable：adj. 手提的，便攜的
dismantle：v. 拆除
spout：n. 噴口，水柱，龍卷
gusher：n. 噴油井
refinery：n. 精煉廠，提煉廠，冶煉廠
kerosene：n. 煤油
petrochemical：n. 石油化學(xué)產(chǎn)品
dye：n. 染料
fertilizer：n. 肥料，化肥
hostile：adj. 敵對(duì)的，不利的
offshore：adj. 離岸的
continental shelf：n. 大陸架
spillage：n. 溢出
collision：n. 碰撞
oil slicks：浮油
drift：v. 漂泊，流動(dòng)
foul：v. 弄臟，糾纏，阻塞
subside：v. 減弱，平息，坐下，沉下去
adverse：adj. 不利的，有害的
halt：v. 阻止，使停止
【長難句】
- When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it.
- Offshore drilling platforms extend the search for oil to the ocean’s continental shelves—those gently sloping submarine regions at the edges of the continents.
- Spillage from huge oil-carrying cargo ships, called tankers, involved in collisions or accidental groundings (such as the one off Alaska in 1989) can create oil slicks at sea.
【段落大意與邏輯關(guān)系】
- 第一段：石油的構(gòu)成與海底有機(jī)物的形成。
- 第二段：石油最終形成，海底沉積物進(jìn)一步生成油和氣。【前兩段都是形成】
- 第三段：石油的提取和提煉產(chǎn)物。
- 第四段：石油發(fā)掘地的擴(kuò)展（由于資源愈發(fā)稀缺）。
- 第五段：石油發(fā)掘過程中的問題。
- 第六段：石油工業(yè)帶來的各種環(huán)境問題：石油泄漏污染；油田處地面下沉，石油精煉和燃燒的空氣污染等。
【錯(cuò)題】
1.The word “accumulate” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. grow up
B. build up
C. spread out
D. break apart
你的答案：A 正確答案：B
【原文參考】
Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud.
【解析】
B accumulate: 沉積，聚集，累積之意。A是成長；B是增進(jìn)，積累；C是展開，鋪開；D是使…分裂。所以B的build up正確。
6.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?
A. They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.
B. They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.
C. They waste more oil than they collect.
D. They are unlikely to occur nowadays.
你的答案：A 正確答案：D
【原文參考】
Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.
【解析】
以gusher做關(guān)鍵詞定位至本段倒數(shù)第五句：Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. 說gusher在過去是非常普遍的，意思就是現(xiàn)在不普遍了，而且前半句還說仔細(xì)控制了，仔細(xì)控制的結(jié)果就是不再發(fā)生了，也能選出D答案。
8.What does the development of the Alaskan oil field mentioned in paragraph 4 demonstrate?
A. More oil is extracted from the sea than from land.
B. Drilling for oil requires major financial investments.
C. The global demand for oil has increased over the years.
D. The North Slope of Alaska has substantial amounts of oil.
你的答案：C 正確答案：B
【原文參考】
The development of the oil field on the North Slope of Alaska and the construction of the Alaska pipeline are examples of the great expense and difficulty involved in new oil discoveries.
10.According to paragraph 5, the decision to drill for oil depends on all of the following factors EXCEPT
A. permission to access the area where oil has been found
B. the availability of sufficient quantities of oil in a pool
C. the location of the market in relation to the drilling site
D. the political situation in the region where drilling would occur
你的答案：C 正確答案：D
【原文參考】
Of course, there is far more oil underground than can be recovered. It may be in a pool too small or too far from a potential market to justify the expense of drilling. Some oil lies under regions where drilling is forbidden, such as national parks or other public lands. Even given the best extraction techniques, only about 30 to 40 percent of the oil in a given pool can be brought to the surface. The rest is far too difficult to extract and has to remain underground.
11.The word “foul” in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. reach
B. flood
C. pollute
D. alter
你的答案：A 正確答案：C
【原文參考】
Offshore platforms may also lose oil, creating oil slicks that drift ashore and foul the beaches, harming the environment.
13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?
Unless something acts to halt this migration, these natural resources will eventually reach the surface..
你的答案：C 正確答案：D
【原文參考】
Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. [■]As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. [■]Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. [■]Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment. [■]
【解析】
D 四個(gè)過渡點(diǎn)，名詞surface，代詞this migration，代詞these natural resources和連詞unless，代詞these natural resources是不能用的，因?yàn)楸环磸?fù)提到的oil and gas干擾；D的move和D的rise都可以對(duì)應(yīng)this migration，而只有rise才能對(duì)的上surface，所以選D不選B。
