Propositions and Arguments

命題和論點?

We begin by examining more closely the most fundamental concepts in the study of logic, concepts presupposed in the paragraphs just above.

我們首先更仔細地研究邏輯研究中最基本的概念, 這些概念是以上各段所預先假定的。

?In reasoning we construct and evaluate arguments;arguments are built with propositions.?

在推理中, 我們構(gòu)造和評估論點; 論點是用命題構(gòu)建的。

Although these concepts are apparently simple, they require careful analysis.

雖然這些概念顯然很簡單,但需要仔細分析。

Propositions

命題

Propositions are the building blocks of our reasoning.?

命題是我們推理的基石。

A proposition asserts that something is the case or it asserts that something is not.?

一個命題斷言某種東西是事實, 或者它斷言某事不是。

We may affirm a proposition, or deny it—but every proposition either asserts what really is the case, or?it asserts something that is not.

我們可以肯定一個命題, 或者否認它--但每一個命題要么斷言實際情況, 要么斷言一些不是事實的東西。

?Therefore every proposition is either true or false.

因此,每個命題都是要么為真要么為假。