Every program we run on the command line automatically has three data streams connected to it: stdin, stdout and stderr. Piping and redirection is the means by which we may connect these streams between programs and files to direct data in interesting and useful ways.

Note: 0 stands for stdin, 1 stands for stdout and 2 for stderr.

Redirection

For bash redirection, basically we can:

• redirect stdout to a file
• redirect stderr to a file
• redirect stdout to a stderr
• redirect stderr to a stdout
• redirect stderr and stdout to a file

stdout 2 file

This will cause the ouput of a program to be written to a file.

ls -l > test.txt

stderr 2 file

This will cause the stderr ouput of a program to be written to a file.

grep da * 2> grep-errors.txt

stdout 2 stderr

This will cause the stdout ouput of a program to be written to the same filedescriptor of stderr.

grep da * 1>&2

stderr 2 stdout

This will cause the stderr ouput of a program to be written to the same filedescriptor of stdout.

grep * 2>&1

stderr and stdout 2 file

This will place every output of a program to a file. This is suitable sometimes for cron entries, if you want a command to pass in absolute silence.

grep * &> test.txt

Piping

Piping is the mechanism for sending data from one program to another. The | operator feeds the output from the program on the left to the program on the right.

ls | head -3

We can pipe multiple programs.

ls | head -3 | tail -1

Let's combine the redirection with piping.

ls | head -3 | tail -1 > myoutput.txt

Keep the exit status while piping

Usually piping will lose the exit status of the commands before | operator. To preserve the previous exit status, we need to turn on the pipefail option.

From the Bash Reference Manual:

The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of the last command in the pipeline, unless the pipefail option is enabled (see The Set Builtin). If pipefail is enabled, the pipeline's return status is the value of the last (rightmost) command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands exit successfully.

Example:

$ false | tee /dev/null ; echo $?
0
$ set -o pipefail
$ false | tee /dev/null ; echo $?
1

Original link: StackOverflow