1.What is retirement?

什么是退休？

Normally speaking, retirement refers to the point where a person stops employment completely and the time when a person reaches an age where physical impairments began to be obstacles to working. Of course, a person may also semi-retire by reducing work hours if he/she has already earned for the rest of his/her life.

一般來講，退休指的是人們完全停止工作的時間節(jié)點(diǎn)或者人們的身體已經(jīng)不允許他繼續(xù)工作的時間點(diǎn)。當(dāng)然如果錢掙夠了的話，人們可以通過減少自己的工作時間來實(shí)現(xiàn)半退休的目的。

2.Where does retirement come from?

退休制度從哪里來？

Retirement, or the practice of leaving one's job or ceasing to work after reaching a certain age, has come into being since the 18th century. Prior to the 18th century, owing to the quite low life expectancy of people (average 26 and 40 years), people still have to work for their life. Retirement as a government policy began to be adopted by countries during the late 19th century and the 20th century, beginning in Germany under Otto Von Bismarck.

退休，或者說達(dá)到一定年齡之后就離開自己的工作崗位，或者說停止工作的慣例，等19世紀(jì)才真正開始出現(xiàn)。在19世紀(jì)之前，人們的平均壽命很短，所以人們需要工作很長的時間維持自己的生活，退休是不太可能的事兒。在19和21世紀(jì)之間，退休才開始作為國家政策正式出現(xiàn)。退休制度最早出現(xiàn)在德國，著名的奧托·馮·俾斯麥?zhǔn)紫鄨?zhí)政期間。

3.When to retirement?

何時退休？

A person may retire at whatever age they please. However, a country's tax laws and/or state old-age pension rules usually mean that in a given country a certain age is thought of as the "standard" retirement age. The "standard" retirement age varies from country to country but it is generally between 50 and 70. In some countries this age is different for males and females.

現(xiàn)在人們可以在他自己想要的任何時候退休。然而，由于國家的稅收制度和養(yǎng)老金制度的規(guī)定，在特定的國家，一般允許在特定的年齡方可已退休。這個年齡就是我們大家口中的退休年齡。不同國家的退休年齡各不相同，一般在50歲到70歲之間。在一些國家，男女之間的退休年齡也各不相同。

Retirement in China is just like this. Retirement is mostly decided by Chinese government and the "standard" retirement age of males and females is respectively 60 and 55. Politicians are an exception, and their retirement age usually varies from 65-70 according to their political rank in the government.

在中國，退休制度正如上文所述。關(guān)于退休的諸多事項都是由中國政府決定的，男性的退休年齡為60歲，女性的退休年齡為55歲。上述退休制度對政府官員來說是一個例外，政府官員根據(jù)他們在政府中的職位大小，退休年齡一般為65到70歲之間。

4.What will people live for after retirement?

退休之后，人們靠什么活？

Retired workers support themselves either through pensions or savings. In most cases the money is provided by both the government and the employer in proportion to the years of work and the average wages.

退休后的人們一般依靠國家的退休金或者自己的積蓄生活。在多數(shù)情況下，退休金是政府和國家共同提供的，退休金的多少一般會根據(jù)他們工作年限的不同，以及退休前的平均工資決定的。

Overall, income after retirement can come from state pensions, occupational pensions, private savings and investments and social benefits. On a personal level, the rising cost of living during retirement is a serious concern to many older adults. And health care cost plays an important role in china particularly.

總的來說，退休后的收入主要來源于國家養(yǎng)老金、職業(yè)養(yǎng)老金、個人積蓄、投資所得，和，社會福利等。從個人的角度而言，對于增加的生活成本，對對老年人來說是巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。在中國，醫(yī)療成本花費(fèi)尤其的巨大的巨大。