Day 8

Chapter 4 The Gold Standard

A HIGHLY DEVELOPED FIELD

THE CHALLENGE OF THE VIOLIN

GOOD VERSUS BETTER VERSUS BEST

THE PRINCIPLES OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE

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APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE

NO, THE TEN-THOUSAND-HOUR RULE ISN’T REALLY A RULE

本章的前四個(gè)小節(jié)繼續(xù)了對(duì)優(yōu)秀到卓越，好到最好的跨越，以及之前被大家誤傳的一萬(wàn)小時(shí)理論。通過(guò)對(duì)需要對(duì)技藝進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間磨練的領(lǐng)域，對(duì)小提琴界的天才和超級(jí)巨星，以及頂尖芭蕾舞團(tuán)的領(lǐng)舞等業(yè)界頂尖專(zhuān)家的實(shí)驗(yàn)和調(diào)查，時(shí)間和“刻意練習(xí)”都是最重要的。

教導(dǎo)和教練也非常重要，這些反饋可以節(jié)約時(shí)間。

發(fā)展技能，突破舒適區(qū)，制定目標(biāo)，行動(dòng)上各個(gè)擊破，得到和給出反饋，創(chuàng)造有效心理表征，還有不斷進(jìn)步，這就是超越之路。

詞匯學(xué)習(xí)：

whizz1 British English, whiz American English /w?z/ verb [intransitive]

1 [always + adverb/preposition] informal

a) to move very quickly, often making a sound like something rushing through the air

An ambulance whizzed past.

I saw a big piece of metal whizzing through the air.

b) to do something very quickly

whizz through

Let’s just whizz through it one more time.

出處：The key difference between Steve’s performance and that of the new generation of memory whizzes lies in the details of their training.

dis?card1 /d?s?kɑ?d $ -ɑ?rd/ verb

1 [transitive] to get rid of something SYN? throw away

Discard any old cleaning materials.

discarded paper

2 [intransitive, transitive] to put down unwanted cards in a card game

出處：This joint development of skills and training techniques has—up to now at least—always been carried out through trial and error, with a field’s practitioners experimenting with various ways to improve, keeping what works and discarding what doesn’t.

map something ? out phrasal verb

to plan carefully how something will happen

Her own future had been mapped out for her by wealthy and adoring parents.

出處：At the Max Planck Institute, I recruited two collaborators—Ralf Krampe, a graduate student at the institute, and Clemens Tesch-R?mer, a postdoctoral fellow there—and together we mapped out an investigation into the development of musical accomplishment.

in?tim?i?date /?n?t?m?de?t/ verb [transitive]

1 to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want

intimidate somebody into doing something

They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.

Attempts to intimidate her failed.

2 to make someone feel worried and not confident

The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.

出處：These were the superstars-in-waiting, the students who intimidated all their classmates.

shim?mer /???m? ，-?r/ verb [intransitive]

to shine with a soft light that looks as if it shakes slightly

The lake shimmered in the moonlight.

出處：And once they are comfortable with placing their fingers in exactly the right spots on the fingerboard, there are various subtleties of fingering to master, beginning with vibrato, which is a rolling—not a sliding—of the fingertip up and down the string, which causes the note to shimmer. More hours and hours of practice.

ret?ro?spec?tive1 /?retr??spekt?v?/ adjective [usually before noun]

1 related to or thinking about the past

a retrospective study of 110 patients

2 British English a law or decision that is retrospective is effective from a particular date in the past SYN? retroactive

retrospective legislation

Teachers settled for a 4.2% pay rise with retrospective effect from 1 April.

出處：We thought it likely that their retrospective estimates of how much time they had spent practicing at various ages would be relatively accurate.