Day1-2 掃除生詞

When nudge comes to shove

文章標題來源文美國俚語when?push?comes?to?shove

(idiomatic)When the?pressure?is on; when the situation is?critical?or?urgent; when the time has come for?action, even if it is difficult.

He is not a particularly talented builder, but?when push comes to shove, he can usually get the job done.

nudge指“用手肘輕推某人，以引起某人注意”的意思。在文章當中指的是英國的這個項目的名字，通過閱讀全文了解這個項目的操作方法，覺得這個名字起得真的是很形象。

But they attended schools where few pupils?progressed?to university at age 18, and those that did were likely to go to their nearest one.

progress 熟詞生用，我覺得翻譯成“升入大學”比較合適，因為progress當中含有“過程中人的能力的提升”之意。

[VERB]To progress means to move over a period of time to a stronger, more advanced, or more desirable state.

He will visit once a fortnight to see how his new staff are progressing...

Were you surprised that his disease progressed so quickly?...

[V to n]He started only five years ago, sketching first and then progressing to painting.

That suggested the schools were poor at?nurturing aspiration.

搭配：nuture aspiration

aspiration，了解一個名詞至少要學習以下幾方面：

名詞本身含義，可數與否

Someone’s aspirations are their desire to achieve things.

??與名詞搭配的動詞

VERB + ASPIRATION?have|achieve, fulfil/fulfill, meet, realize, satisfy?a political party that realizes the~s of the people

??搭配的形容詞

ADJECTIVEhigh, loftyHe has high~sand wants to improve his qualifications.|human, personal, social|career,professional|political, presidential|academic, artistic, cultural, educational, literary|democratic, national

??搭配的介詞

PREPOSITION~foran~for personal power|~to?the country's~s to independence|~towards/toward~s towards/toward starting his own business

??與同義詞的區別

And the approach was less?heavy-handed?than?imposing quotas?for poorer pupils, an option previous governments had considered.

heavy-handed

1[ADJ-GRADED (disapproval)]If you say that someone's behaviour isheavy-handed, you mean that they are too forceful or too rough.

//...heavy-handed police tactics...

The demonstration had been dealt with in a violent and heavy handed way...

You can't be heavy handed. You have to make people aware that you understand their concerns.

2[ADJ-GRADED: oft ADJ with n]If someone isheavy-handedwithsomething, they use too much of it or use it in a clumsy way.

It all depends on how heavy-handed you are with the paprika...

In fact she tends to be a little heavy-handed when she wears make-up.

學習搭配：impose quotas for

VERB + QUOTAallocate(esp. BrE),establish, impose, introduce(esp. BrE),set|increase|reduce|fill, fulfil/fulfill, meet, reachWe had to increase our output to fill the~by the end of the year.|exceed?Many countries are still exceeding their~s.

The trial was run by? the Behavioural Insights Team (BIT), a company?spun out of?the British? government in 2014 and which remains in part publicly owned.

spin out

[PHRASAL VERB]If you spin something out, you make it last longer than it normally would.

[V n P]My wife's solicitor was anxious to spin things out for as long as possible...

[V P n (not pron)]The Government will try to spin out the conference into next autumn.

Others warned that governments were?straying perilously?close to mass manipulation.

stray[stre?]

strays, straying, strayed

1[VERB]If someone strays somewhere, they wander away from where they are supposed to be.

[V prep/adv]Tourists often get lost and stray into dangerous areas...

[V prep/adv]Crews stray outside to film the view from the pavement...

A railway line crosses the park so children must not be allowed to stray.

perilously

/?per?l?sli, ?per?l?sli/ BrE? AmE? adverb literary or formal

in a way that is dangerous and likely to result in something bad soon SYN dangerously:

Karpov, the champion, came perilously close to losing.

By and large those doubts have been?allayed. Even if? specific results turn out to be mistaken, an experimental,?iterative, data-driven approach to policymaking is gaining ground in many? places, not just in?dedicated?units, but? throughout government.

allay[?le?]

allays, allaying, allayed

[VERB]If you allay someone's fears or doubts, you stop them feeling afraid or doubtful.

[V n]He did what he could to allay his wife's myriad fears.

iterative

adjective

relating to or involving iteration, especially of a mathematical or computational process

重復的，反反復復的

(Linguistics)denoting a grammatical rule that can be applied repeatedly

(語言學)（語法規則）反復的，多次的

(Grammar). another term for frequentative

(語法)。 同 frequentative

dedicated?[ded?ke?t?d]

1[ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n]You use dedicated to describe someone who enjoys a particular activity very much and spends a lot of time doing it.

Her great-grandfather had clearly been a dedicated and stoical traveller.

//...dedicated followers of classical music.

2[ADJ: oft ADJ to n]You use dedicated to describe something that is made, built, or designed for one particular purpose or thing.

Such areas should also be served by dedicated cycle routes.

//...the world's first museum dedicated to ecology.

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky described the mental?short-cuts?and biases that influence decision-making.

short cut

short cuts

Also:short-cut, shortcut

1[N-COUNT]A short cutis a quicker way of getting somewhere than the usual route.

I tried to take a short cut and got lost.

2[N-COUNT: oft N to n]A short cut is a method of achieving something more quickly or more easily than if you use the usual methods.

Fame can be a shortcut to love and money...

There is no short cut from dictatorship to democracy.

But governments’ use of psychological insights to achieve policy goals was occasional and?unsystematic.

un?sys?tem?at?ic/??n?s?st??m?t?k/adj.

not organized into a clear system無系統的；紊亂的；雜亂無章的

The book attacked the assumption of rational decision-making?inherent?in most economic models and showed how “choice?architecture”, or context, could be changed to “nudge” people to make better choices.

inherent

[?nher?nt, -h??r-]

[ADJ: usu ADJ n] The inherent qualities of something are the necessary and natural parts of it.

Stress is an inherent part of dieting.

//...the dangers inherent in an outbreak of war.

architecture?[ɑ:(r)k?tekt??(r)]

architectures

[N-UNCOUNT: also N in pl, N of n]The architecture of something is its structure.[FORMAL]

//...the crumbling intellectual architecture of modern society.

//...the architecture of muscle fibres.

Not all these schemes involve a dedicated nudge unit. Many draw on initiatives that?predate?BIT. But all use similar insights from behavioural psychology to design and test policy?tweaks. These are summed up in EAST, amnemonic?devised by BIT: in order to change behaviour, make good choices easy, attractive, social and timely.

predate?[pri:de?t]

predates, predating, predated

[VERB]If you say that one thing predated another, you mean that the first thing happened or existed some time before the second thing.

[V n]His troubles predated the recession...

[V n]The monument predates the arrival of the druids in Britain.

tweak?[twi:k]

tweaks, tweaking, tweaked

1[VERB]If yout weak something, especially part of someone's body, you hold it between your finger and thumb and twist it or pull it.

[V n]He tweaked Guy's ear roughly...

[V n]`A handsome offer', she replied, tweaking his cheek.

2[VERB] If you tweak something such as a system or a design, you improve it by making a slight change.[INFORMAL]

[V n]He expects the system to get even better as the engineers tweak its performance.

[N-COUNT] Tweak is also a noun.

Regular readers may notice a few changes in this issue - nothing too radical, just a tweak here and there.

mnemonic?[n?m?n?k]

mnemonics

[N-COUNT: oft N n] A mnemonic is a word, short poem, or sentence that is intended to help you remember things such as scientific rules or spelling rules. For example, `i before e, except after c' is a mnemonic to help people remember how to spell words like `believe' and `receive'.幫助記憶的詞句（或詩歌等）；助記符號

Like many mnemonic devices these depend for effect upon their bizarreness.

In 2014 Hamad Medical Corporation, a health-care provider in Qatar, raised?take-up?rates for diabetes?screening?by offering it during?Ramadan.

take-up

[N-UNCOUNT: usu with supp, oft N of n]Take-up is the rate at which people apply for or buy something which is offered, for example financial help from the government or shares in a company.[mainly BRIT]

//...a major campaign to increase the take-up of welfare benefits.

screen:

To screen for a disease means to examine people to make sure that they do not have it.

[V for n]//...a quick saliva test that would screen for people at risk of tooth decay. [Also V n]

Derived word:screening

[N-VAR] [usu N for n]Britain has an enviable record on breast screening for cancer.

Many of the early critics of nudge techniques regarded them as?infantilising, or even a type of government mind control.

infantilize

in|fant|il|ize /?n?fant?l??z/

(also infantilise)

VERB[with object]Treat (someone) as a child or in a way which denies their maturity in age or experience.

Laws in some American states that have suppressed black people’s votes, such as those passed by North Carolina in 2013, look remarkably like?nefarious?nudges, from limiting the types of IDs that can be used for registration to banning out-of-precinct?voting.

Nefarious

[n?fe?ri?s]

[ADJ-GRADED: usu ADJ n]If you describe an activity as nefarious, you mean that it is wicked and immoral.[LITERARY]

Why make a whole village prisoner if it was not to some nefarious purpose?

precinct

/?pri:s??kt/ noun

1 (BrE) a commercial area in a town where cars cannot go 步行商業區

a pedestrian/ shopping precinct

步行╱購物區

2 (NAmE) one of the parts into which a town or city is divided in order to organize elections 選區

3 (NAmE) a part of a city that has its own police station; the police station in this area 警區；分區警察局；派出所

Detective Hennessy of the 44th precinct

第44 警區的亨尼西警探

The murder occurred just a block from the precinct.

謀殺案就發生在和警察分局相隔一條街的地方。

4 [usually pl.] the area around a place or a building, sometimes surrounded by a wall （建筑物等的）外圍，圍墻內區域

the cathedral/ college precincts

大教堂╱學院周圍

within the precincts of the castle

在城堡的圍墻內

Day3-4 神句神詞組+思維導圖

神句

1.And the approach was less?heavy-handed?than imposing quotas for poorer pupils, an option previous governments had considered.

比起之前政府對貧窮學生制定配額的做法，這個方式明顯沒有那么強硬。

參考：政府之前考慮過要為貧困學生強制留出名額，相比之下，這一方式則緩和的多。

【整個句式調整了一下，更符合漢語的表達習慣。

Heavy-handed此處其實并不太容易處理，雖然意思可以理解，但轉化為貼切的漢語真心不易。干脆把less heavy-handed打包轉化。】

2.If BIT?did not?save the government at least ten times its running cost, it?was to be?shut down after two years.

如果BIT沒有為政府節省十倍以上的運行經費，兩年后它將關門大吉。

參考：如果BIT不能為政府至少省下其運營成本10倍的話，就將在兩年后關閉。

【又是虛擬語氣表假設，大家趁機再自行擴展復習下下。】

3.May worried about the idea of bureaucrats being given free rein to shape be havior by imperceptibly tweaking government communications and environmental cues.

很多人擔心官僚通過對政府宣傳話語和環境暗示進行一些微不可查的改動，從而肆無忌憚地規范民眾行為。

參考：許多人擔心：通過不易察覺的方式調整政府傳播的信息和環境提示等于讓官僚們擁有了操縱行為的完全自由。

【Free rein:行者無疆】

4.As long as that choice is made in a transparent manner, and is subject to democratically elected politicians, nudging offers policymakers an alternative to both the nanny state and the unintelligent one; a middle way that he describes as “libertarian paternalism”.

只要人民依然能光明正大地做抉擇，并且遵從的是民主選舉出來的政府，那么，“推動”為政策制定者提供的就是一個選擇。它不同于全管模式，也不同于無所作為的管理，“推動”介于兩者之間。Sunstein先生將此形容為“自由的家長式管理”。

參考：只要以透明的方式做選擇，且由民主選舉的政治家負責，那么“助推”就能避免保姆式或無知式國家的極端；這種中間道路也被稱作“自由主義家長制”。

神詞組

1.Financial aid 經濟援助

2.Roll out the scheme 退出計劃、執行方案

3.Spin out of 由...拆分出來的

spin-off company: 衍生公司/衍生企業

指一個大公司把某一個部分剝離出去，使之成為一個獨立的公司。

4.Pioneer the use of psychology 首次運用了心理學

5.The very idea provoked objections 正是這樣的想法引來了質疑的聲音

6.Mass manipulation 大眾操縱

7.Gain ground 取得進展，為人所接受

8.Shape brand perception 塑造品牌印象/感知：指受眾對品牌的看法

Brand image: 品牌形象

乍一看兩者好像差不多，其實不然。Perception指的是受眾的看法，而image則是主體給（擺）出的造型，很多時候二者并不一致。

9.Mark the start of a global trend 標志著一個全球趨勢的開始

10.Centrally directed policy initiatives 集中下令的政策

11.Set the desired outcome as the default 將預期的目標設置為默認值

12.Opt out 選擇退出

13.Tackle corruption 打擊腐敗

tackle sth=deal with sth=handle sth

思維導圖

我的版本

篤師版本

Day 4-5 補充閱讀

A new anthology of essays reconsiders Thomas Piketty’s masterwork

Mr Piketty was a respected empirical economist.

em?pir?ic?al /?m?p?r?kl/ adj. [usually before noun]

based on experiments or experience rather than ideas or theories 以實驗（或經驗）為依據的；經驗主義的

empirical evidence/ knowledge/ research

實踐經驗的證明；從實際經驗中獲得的知識；以實驗為基礎的研究

an empirical study?經驗式研究

OPPTHEORETICAL

em?pir?ic?al?ly /-kli/ adv.

Such claims need to be tested empirically.?這類斷言需要實踐來檢驗。

Mr Piketty argued that wealth naturally accumulates and concentrates, so that familial riches are ever more critical to determining an individual’s success or failure in life. The extravagant inequality of the Gilded Age could return if no preventive action is taken.

con·cen·trate

/?kɑnsK?tret; ?k?ns$ntre?t/ V

1 [I] to think very carefully about something that you are doing 專注，專心；集中注意力；

concentration :

Now please concentrate. 現在請集中注意力。

Adrian was finding it difficult to concentrate. 阿德里安覺得自己很難集中注意力。

[+ on ]

Be quiet – let me concentrate on my homework. 安靜，讓我專心做家庭作業。

2 [I,T] to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere, or to cause people or things to be present in large numbers or amounts somewhere（使）集中于；（使）匯集于；

concentration :

concentrate sth in/at sth

Italian industry is concentrated mainly in the north. 意大利的工業主要集中在北部。

Construction of the aircraft is being concentrated at Prestwick. 飛機制造集中在普雷斯蒂克。

[+ in/at ]

Women concentrate in a small number of occupations. 婦女集中在一小部分行業里

the?Gilded Age

The Gilded Age in United States history is the late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. The term for this period came into use in the 1920s and 1930s and was derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 novel The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding. The early half of the Gilded Age roughly coincided with the middle portion of the Victorian era in Britain and the Belle époque in France. Its beginning in the years after the American Civil War overlaps the US Reconstruction Era (which ended in 1877), and it is generally thought to be followed by the Progressive Era in the 1890s.

The Gilded Age was an era of rapid economic growth, especially in the North and West. As American wages were much higher than those in Europe, especially for skilled workers, the period saw an influx of millions of European immigrants. The rapid expansion of industrialization led to real wage growth of 60% between 1860 and 1890, spread across the ever-increasing labor force. The average annual wage per industrial worker (including men, women and children) rose from $380 in 1880 to $564 in 1890, a gain of 48%. However, the Gilded Age was also an era of abject poverty and inequality as millions of immigrants—many from impoverished European nations—poured into the United States, and the high concentration of wealth became more visible and contentious.

Yet, despite its 700-odd pages, “Capital” gave important details short shrift. “After Piketty” takes these lacunae in turn, pointing out, essay by essay, how Mr Piketty might have devoted more space to the role of human capital and technological change, the structure of the firm and the rise in outsourcing, sexual inequality, geography and so on.

odd

[ADV: num ADV]You use odd after a number to indicate that it is only approximate.[INFORMAL]

How many pages was it, 500 odd?...

He has now appeared in sixty odd films...

`How long have you lived here?' - `Twenty odd years.'

short shrift [?r?ft]

[PHRASE: PHR after v]If someone or something gets short shrift, they are paid very little attention.

The idea has been given short shrift by philosophers.

lacuna [l?kju:n?]

lacunae

[N-COUNT] If you say that there is a lacuna in something such as a document or a person's argument, you mean that it does not deal with an important issue and is therefore not effective or convincing.[FORMAL]

There are still major lacunae in the material available.

take … in turn

[PHRASE: V inflects, oft PHR to-inf] If two or more people take turns to do something, or in British English take it in turns to do something, they do it one after the other several times, rather than doing it together.

We took turns to drive the car...

Ted and I took it in turns to go into hospital and sit with Emma.

outsource /?a?ts?:s; NAmE -s?:rs?/ verb (business 商)

to arrange for sb outside a company to do work or provide goods for that company 交外辦理；外購

[VN]

We outsource all our computing work.

我們把全部計算機技術工作包給外邊去做。

[also V]

out?sourc?ing noun [U]

Gareth Jones, for example, argues that in “Capital” geographical divisions are treated as “container[s] for data”—that is, the areas within which various statistical agencies do their work—rather than as arenas with changeable boundaries within which the rough-and-tumble tussle between labour and capital plays out.

rough-and-tumble

(r?f′?n-t?m′b?l)

adj.

Characterized by roughness and disregard for order or rules:rough-and-tumble politics.

n.

Acondition marked by rough disorderly struggle; infighting:therough-and-tumble of national politics.

tussle /?t?sl/ noun

~ (for/ over sth)

a short struggle, fight or argument especially in order to get sth 扭打，爭斗，爭執（尤指為了爭得物品）

He was injured during a tussle for the ball.

他在爭球時受了傷。

note at ?FIGHT

tus?sle /?t?sl/ verb

[V] to fight or compete with sb/ sth, especially in order to get sth 扭打，爭斗（尤指為了爭奪物品）

The children were tussling with one another for the ball.

孩子們在你搶我奪地爭球。

play out

[PHRASAL VERB: usu passive]If a dramatic event is played out, it gradually takes place.

[be V-ed P]The political turmoil is being played out against a backdrop of terror attacks by far-right bombers...

[be V-ed P]The film has eerie parallels with the drama being played out in real life. [Also V P n]