"50 Cognitive Biases to be aware of so You Can Be the Very Best Version of You" is a statement emphasizing the importance of understanding cognitive biases in order to improve oneself.
“50種認知偏誤的認識，讓你成為最好的自己”這句話強調了理解認知偏誤對于自我提升的重要性。
The human brain is a complex system and often falls prey to cognitive biases, which can distort our thinking and decision-making.
人腦是一個復雜的系統，經常會受到認知偏誤的影響，這會扭曲我們的思維和決策過程。
These biases surface in everyday situations, from minor disagreements on social media to significant decisions affecting our global perspective.
這些偏見出現在日常情境中，從社交媒體上的小爭論到影響我們全球觀點的重大決策。
For example, groupthink can lead to poor decisions in business as everyone aligns their opinions with perceived group consensus, avoiding conflict.
例如，團體迷思可能導致商業決策失誤，因為每個人都將自己的意見與感知的集體共識對齊，以避免沖突。
Another bias, anchoring, can cause us to overvalue the first piece of information we receive, like an original price, affecting subsequent decisions such as purchases during sales.
另一個偏見，錨定效應，會導致我們對我們接收到的第一條信息（比如原始價格）給予過高的價值，影響隨后的決策，如打折期間的購買。
Understanding and recognizing these cognitive biases can empower us to make better, more rational choices.
理解和認識這些認知偏誤可以使我們有能力做出更好、更理性的選擇。
Cognitive bias refers to the systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment, where individuals create their own "subjective reality" from their perception of the input.
認知偏誤指的是從規范或合理性判斷中系統性偏離的模式，個體從他們對輸入的感知中創造自己的“主觀現實”。
Social proofing, a non-cognitive bias, influences our behavior based on the perceived actions of others, while cognitive dissonance represents the mental stress experienced when we encounter conflicting beliefs, ideas, or values.
社會認同，一種非認知偏誤，根據我們對他人行為的感知來影響我們的行為，而認知失調則代表當我們遇到相互沖突的信念、想法或價值時所經歷的心理壓力。
The placebo effect demonstrates how expectations and beliefs can lead to real physical changes, highlighting the power of the mind over the body.
安慰劑效應展示了期望和信念如何導致真實的身體變化，突顯了心靈對身體的影響力。
Now, let's look at some common examples to understand how cognitive biases influence our everyday decisions.
現在，讓我們來看一些常見的例子，以理解認知偏誤如何影響我們的日常決策。
1. Fundamental Attribution Error 基本歸因錯誤
這張圖片展示了基本歸因錯誤的概念。左側，一位開車的男子面露憤怒，似乎是因為其他司機開得慢，他的思維泡泡中寫著“其他人故意開得慢或阻礙”，這表明他將交通擁堵的原因歸咎于其他司機的故意行為，而沒有考慮到交通狀況等情境因素。
右側的圖像描繪了同一男子，此時他坐在人行道上，看起來有些懊悔和沮喪。他的思維泡泡中的文字“對不起，我不是故意的”，表明他意識到自己之前可能誤解了情況，認識到了自己的錯誤歸因。
整體上，這張圖片反映了人們傾向于過度依賴個性解釋他人行為的傾向，而忽視了影響行為的外部環境和情境因素。
English Explanation:
The Fundamental Attribution Error occurs when we attribute a person's actions to their character rather than to external factors. When someone else makes a mistake, we often blame their personality or abilities, but when we make the same mistake, we tend to blame the situation or context.
中文解釋：
基本歸因錯誤是當我們將一個人的行為歸咎于他們的性格而不是外部因素時發生的。當別人犯錯時，我們通常會責怪他們的個性或能力，但當我們犯同樣的錯誤時，我們傾向于責怪情境或環境。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Your coworker is late to a meeting and you think, "He's always so irresponsible." But when you're late, you think, "The traffic was terrible."
你的同事遲到了，你想，“他總是這么不負責任?！钡斈氵t到時，你想，“交通太糟糕了。”
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Instead of immediately judging your coworkers, you consider that they might have encountered unexpected traffic or an emergency, just as you might have.
與其立即判斷你的同事，不如考慮他們可能遇到了意外的交通堵塞或緊急情況，就像你可能會遇到的那樣。
2. Self-Serving Bias 自利偏見
這張插圖展示了“自利偏見”的概念。圖中有兩種對照的情景。一邊，一位中東血統的人物高舉獎杯，自豪地向他人展示，他的思維泡泡中寫著“我贏了因為我是最棒的！”，暗示他將成功歸因于個人的能力。
另一邊，同一個人物帶著參與獎緞帶，坐在那里顯得沮喪，他的思維泡泡中寫著“我輸了是因為評委不公平！”，這表明他將失敗歸咎于外部因素。
這幅畫直觀地說明了人們傾向于將個人的成功歸功于自己的努力和技能，而將失敗歸咎于外界環境和其他人的偏見，這是自利偏見的本質。
English Explanation:
Self-Serving Bias is a tendency to attribute our successes to our own abilities and efforts, while attributing our failures to external factors and situations beyond our control.
中文解釋：
自利偏見是一種傾向，即將我們的成功歸因于我們自己的能力和努力，而將我們的失敗歸因于我們無法控制的外部因素和情況。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
When you win a game, you think, "I won because I'm skilled," but when you lose, you think, "I lost because the game was unfair."
當你贏了一場比賽，你認為，“我贏是因為我有技巧”，但當你輸了時，你認為，“我輸是因為游戲不公平。”
Correct Example (正確的例子):
You acknowledge that while skill played a role in your victory, luck and the efforts of your teammates were also important. Similarly, when you lose, you consider your own areas for improvement instead of just blaming external factors.
你承認，雖然技巧在你的勝利中起了作用，但運氣和隊友的努力也很重要。同樣，當你輸了時，你會考慮自己需要改進的地方，而不是僅僅責怪外部因素。
3. In-Group Favoritism 內群體偏好
這幅插圖展示了“內群體偏好”的社會心理概念。
在一個多元化的工作場所環境中，圖的前景顯示了一位南亞血統的人對一位東亞血統的同事豎起了大拇指，暗示了對自己團隊或群體成員的正面偏見。
在背景中，一位黑人血統的人被一位西班牙血統的人忽視，沒有與他握手，這表明了他被排除在內群體之外。
這幅圖反映了個體傾向于偏愛自己群體的成員而非其他群體成員的趨勢。
English Explanation:
In-Group Favoritism is the cognitive bias where individuals prefer and prioritize members of their own group over those of an out-group.
中文解釋：
內群體偏好是個體傾向于偏愛和優先考慮自己群體中的成員而非外部群體的成員的認知偏見。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
In a workplace, voting for a less qualified project proposal because it was submitted by a department colleague, ignoring a superior proposal from another department.
在工作場所中，因為一個項目提案是由部門同事提交的，就為其投票，即使不太合格，也忽視了另一個部門提交的更優秀的提案。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Evaluating all project proposals based on merit, regardless of which department they come from, ensuring that the best ideas are chosen.
基于項目提案的優點進行評估，不管它們來自哪個部門，確保選擇最好的想法。
4. Bandwagon Effect 跟風效應
這幅插圖展示了“跟風效應”的概念。
畫面中，不同血統的一群人——一位白人、一位黑人、一位西班牙人和一位南亞人——都朝著同一個方向行走，跟隨著一個寫著“這里去潮流！”的標志。
一位看起來猶豫不決的中東血統人物在觀察其他人，并邁出步伐好像決定加入人群。
這描繪了一個觀點：人們常常因為看到別人這么做而采納某些信仰或行為，而不是基于他們自己的信念，這正是跟風效應的本質。
English Explanation:
The Bandwagon Effect is a cognitive bias where individuals do something primarily because other people are doing it, regardless of their own beliefs, which they may ignore or override.
中文解釋：
跟風效應是指個體主要因為其他人在做某事而做同樣的事，不管他們自己的信仰是什么，他們可能會忽略或壓制這些信仰的認知偏見。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Buying a product just because it's trending, even if you don't need it or it doesn't align with your original preferences.
僅因為一種產品正在流行就購買它，即使你不需要它或它并不符合你原來的偏好。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Making purchasing decisions based on research and personal needs rather than just following what is popular at the moment.
基于研究和個人需求做出購買決定，而不僅僅是跟隨目前的流行趨勢。
5. Groupthink 團體迷思
這幅插圖展現了“團體迷思”的概念。
圖中顯示了一個會議室，圍坐在桌子周圍的是一群多元化的人——一位白人、一位東亞人、一位黑人和一位中東人。
他們的思維泡泡中都有相同的想法，一個亮著的燈泡，表明他們都持相同的觀點。
一位南亞血統的人站在翻頁板前，板上有一個不同的想法——一個問號，但他看起來遲疑不決，不愿意分享自己的想法。
這反映了團體迷思的特點：在團體的思考壓力下，個體往往會遵從大多數人的想法，壓抑不同的聲音。
English Explanation:
Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty or ineffective decisions for the sake of reaching a consensus, often suppressing dissenting viewpoints and isolating themselves from outside opinions.
中文解釋：
團體迷思是指為了達成共識，一個團體做出錯誤或無效決策的情況，這通常會壓制不同的觀點并使自己與外界意見隔絕。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A team decides to proceed with a flawed plan because all members do not want to disrupt the unanimity, even though some members have serious reservations.
一個團隊決定繼續執行一個有缺陷的計劃，因為所有成員都不想破壞一致性，即使一些成員有嚴重的保留意見。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A team encourages open discussion, welcomes objections, and considers all perspectives before making a decision, ensuring that the decision is well thought out.
一個團隊鼓勵開放討論，歡迎反對意見，并在做決策之前考慮所有觀點，確保決策經過深思熟慮。
6. Halo Effect 光環效應
English Explanation:
The Halo Effect is a type of cognitive bias where the impression of a person in one area (such as attractiveness or professionalism) influences one's judgment of that person in other areas.
中文解釋：
光環效應是一種認知偏見，一個人在某一領域（如吸引力或專業性）的印象會影響一個人在其他領域對這個人的判斷。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Assuming a good-looking person is also inherently kind or intelligent, based solely on their appearance.
僅僅基于一個人的外表，就假設一個好看的人也天生善良或聰明。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Evaluating a person's kindness or intelligence based on their actions and behaviors, rather than their physical appearance.
基于一個人的行為和舉止評估他們的善良或智力，而不是他們的外貌。
7. Moral Luck 道德運氣
English Explanation:
Moral luck refers to situations where a person is judged morally based on outcomes that are beyond their control.
中文解釋：
道德運氣指的是一個人基于他們無法控制的結果在道德上被判斷的情況。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A driver who accidentally hits a pedestrian is seen as more morally culpable than another who was driving just as recklessly but didn't hit anyone.
一個不小心撞到行人的司機被視為比另一個開車同樣魯莽但沒有撞到任何人的司機在道德上更有責任。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A person's moral standing is judged based on their intentions and actions, not on the fortunate or unfortunate outcomes of those actions.
一個人的道德地位是基于他們的意圖和行動來判斷的，而不是基于那些行動的幸運或不幸的結果。
8. False Consensus 錯誤共識效應
English Explanation:
The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate how much other people share our beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes.
中文解釋：
錯誤共識效應是指高估其他人分享我們的信仰、行為和態度的傾向。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Believing that most of your colleagues dislike a certain policy because you and a few of your closest coworkers dislike it.
因為你和幾個最親密的同事不喜歡某個政策，就相信你的大多數同事也不喜歡這個政策。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Surveying a broader range of colleagues to get an accurate understanding of the general opinion on the policy before making any assumptions.
在做任何假設之前，調查更廣泛的同事范圍，以準確了解對政策的普遍看法。
9. Curse of Knowledge 知識的詛咒
English Explanation:
The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias that occurs when an individual, communicating with other individuals, unknowingly assumes that the others have the background to understand.
中文解釋：
知識的詛咒是指一個人在與其他人交流時，無意中假設其他人有理解背景的認知偏見。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A software developer uses technical jargon when explaining a simple error to a non-technical user, assuming they understand the terminology.
一個軟件開發者在向一個非技術用戶解釋一個簡單的錯誤時使用技術術語，假設他們理解這些術語。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
The developer explains the error in plain language that can be easily understood by someone without a technical background.
開發者用簡單的語言解釋錯誤，即使是沒有技術背景的人也能容易理解。
10. Spotlight Effect 聚光燈效應
English Explanation:
The spotlight effect is the phenomenon where people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are.
中文解釋：
聚光燈效應是人們傾向于相信他們被注意的比實際上更多的現象。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Walking into a room and thinking that everyone is noticing and judging your clothing.
走進一個房間，認為每個人都在注意和評判你的衣服。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Realizing that everyone is likely to be more concerned with themselves and that your entrance may not be as prominent as you feel.
意識到每個人可能更關心自己，你的出現可能沒有你感覺的那么突出。
11.Availability Heuristic 可得性啟發
English Explanation:
The availability heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.
中文解釋：
可得性啟發式是一種心理簡便法則，它依賴于在評估特定主題、概念、方法或決策時立即想到的例子。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Believing that shark attacks are common because of frequent news stories about shark attacks, despite statistics showing they are rare.
由于經常有關于鯊魚攻擊的新聞報道，所以認為鯊魚攻擊很常見，盡管統計數據顯示它們很罕見。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Understanding that news stories often focus on rare and dramatic events and seeking out statistical data to form a more accurate assessment of risk.
理解新聞報道通常關注罕見和戲劇性事件，并尋找統計數據以形成更準確的風險評估。
12. Defensive Attribution 防御性歸因
English Explanation:
Defensive attribution is a bias where a witness to an event may blame the victim less if they can relate to them, especially if they feel vulnerable to the same misfortune.
中文解釋：
防御性歸因是一種偏見，如果目擊事件的人能與受害者產生共鳴，特別是如果他們感到自己也容易遭受同樣的不幸，他們可能會對受害者的責備較少。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A person who never drives blaming a car accident victim for not being careful enough, even when the victim was not at fault.
一個從不開車的人責備一個汽車事故受害者不夠小心，即使受害者沒有過錯。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A driver empathizes with a car accident victim, realizing that a similar accident could happen to them, leading to less victim-blaming.
一個司機與車禍受害者產生共鳴，意識到類似的事故可能發生在他們身上，從而減少了對受害者的責備。
13. Just-World Hypothesis 正義世界假設
English Explanation:
The just-world hypothesis is the cognitive bias that a person's actions always bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, essentially the belief that the world is just.
中文解釋：
正義世界假設是一種認知偏見，認為一個人的行為總會給那個人帶來道德上公正和恰當的后果，本質上是相信世界是公正的。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Assuming a person who has experienced a theft must have done something to deserve it.
假設一個經歷盜竊的人一定做了什么應得的事情。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Recognizing that bad things can happen to good people and that life is not always fair.
認識到壞事可能發生在好人身上，生活并不總是公平的。
14. Na?ve Realism 天真現實主義
English Explanation:
Na?ve realism is the belief that we see the world precisely as it is, assuming that our perception of reality is the only accurate one, and that people who disagree with us must be uninformed, irrational, or biased.
中文解釋：
天真現實主義是我們看到世界正如其本來面目的信念，假設我們對現實的感知是唯一準確的，不同意我們的人一定是不了解情況的、不理智的或有偏見的。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Dismissing another person's opinion on a social issue simply because it differs from your own, without considering their perspective.
僅僅因為另一個人在社會問題上的意見與你不同，就不考慮他們的觀點而駁回。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Acknowledging that your own view is subject to bias and limitations and actively seeking out different perspectives
承認自己的觀點受到偏見和限制的影響，并積極尋找不同的視角以理解更大的情況。
15. Na?ve Cynicism 天真的憤世嫉俗
English Explanation:
Na?ve cynicism is the belief that, while we see the world objectively, others are unduly influenced by their self-interests and biases more than they actually are.
中文解釋：
天真的憤世嫉俗是這樣一種信念：雖然我們客觀地看待世界，但其他人過分受到他們自己的利益和偏見的影響，超過了他們實際上的情況。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Assuming that co-workers' suggestions in a meeting are driven purely by self-interest rather than genuine concern for the project.
假設同事在會議上的建議完全是出于個人利益而不是對項目的真正關心。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Realizing that while personal biases exist, it is possible for others to have honest and valid points that contribute to the discussion.
意識到雖然個人偏見存在，但其他人可能有誠實和有效的觀點，這些觀點有助于討論。
16. Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect) Forer效應（又稱Barnum效應)
English Explanation:
The Forer Effect, or Barnum Effect, is a psychological phenomenon where individuals believe that vague and general personality descriptions apply specifically to them, though they could apply to a wide range of people.
中文解釋：
Forer效應（又稱Barnum效應）是一種心理現象，個體相信含糊和普遍的人格描述特別適用于他們，盡管這些描述可能適用于廣泛的人群。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A horoscope that says "You have a great need for other people to like and admire you" and taking it as a highly personalized statement.
占星術說“你非常需要別人喜歡和欣賞你”，并將其視為高度個性化的陳述。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Recognizing that a statement like "At times you are extroverted, affable, sociable, while at other times you are introverted, wary, and reserved" is so general it could apply to anyone.
認識到像“有時你是外向的、和藹的、社交的，而其他時候你是內向的、謹慎的、保留的”這樣的陳述非常泛泛，可以適用于任何人。
17. Dunning-Kruger Effect 達克效應
English Explanation:
The Dunning-Kruger Effect is a cognitive bias wherein people with low ability at a task overestimate their ability, while people with high ability underestimate their competence.
中文解釋：
達克效應（Dunning-Kruger Effect）是一種認知偏誤，任務能力低的人高估了自己的能力，而高能力的人低估了自己的能力。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Inexperienced cook thinks they can easily run a restaurant because they managed a few successful dinners at home.
一個沒有經驗的廚師認為他們可以輕松地經營一家餐廳，因為他們在家成功地準備了幾次晚餐。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A seasoned scientist is aware of the complexity of their field and feels they know very little, despite being an expert.
一位經驗豐富的科學家意識到他們領域的復雜性，并感到自己知之甚少，盡管他們是專家。
18. Anchoring 錨定效應
English Explanation:
Anchoring is the cognitive bias where an individual relies too heavily on the first piece of information they encounter (the "anchor") when making decisions.
中文解釋：
錨定效應是一種認知偏誤，個體在做決定時過分依賴他們遇到的第一條信息（“錨定”）。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
First hearing a house is worth $300,000 and then always thinking of it as expensive, even if later learning the actual market is much higher.
首先聽到一座房子值30萬美元，然后總是認為它很貴，即使后來了解到實際市場價值要高得多。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A car salesman mentions a high initial price for a vehicle, which affects the customer's subsequent judgments about the value and negotiation of the price.
汽車銷售員提到了汽車的高初始價格，這影響了顧客隨后對價值和價格談判的判斷。
19. Automation Bias 自動化偏見
English Explanation:
Automation bias occurs when people have an excessive dependence on automated systems, which can lead to ignoring correct decisions or information in favor of machine-provided solutions.
中文解釋：
自動化偏見是指人們過分依賴自動化系統，這可能導致忽視正確的決定或信息，而偏向于機器提供的解決方案。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A pilot ignores their expertise in flying conditions and relies solely on the autopilot, even when they know it's not functioning properly.
飛行員忽視了他們對飛行條件的專業知識，僅僅依賴自動駕駛儀，即使他們知道它沒有正常工作。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A doctor uses a diagnostic software for initial suggestions but evaluates its recommendations against their own knowledge and additional tests.
醫生使用診斷軟件進行初步建議，但會根據他們自己的知識和額外的測試評估其推薦。
20. Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia) 谷歌效應（又稱數字健忘癥）
English Explanation:
The Google Effect or Digital Amnesia refers to the tendency to forget information that can be easily found using internet search engines like Google.
中文解釋：
谷歌效應（又稱數字健忘癥）是指容易通過谷歌等互聯網搜索引擎找到的信息被遺忘的傾向。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Believing you remember the capitals of all countries because you looked them up once online.
因為你曾經在網上查過一次，所以你相信自己記得所有國家的首都。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Forgetting the specifics of a historical event because you know you can always get the details from an online search.
因為你知道你總是可以從在線搜索中獲得詳細信息，所以忘記了歷史事件的具體細節。
21. Reactance 反應性
English Explanation:
Reactance is a psychological reaction where individuals do the opposite of what they are told, often in response to a perceived threat to their personal freedoms.
中文解釋：
反應性是一種心理反應，個體常常做與他們被告知的相反的事情，通常是對個人自由的感知威脅作出的回應。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Following instructions closely because you believe it's the best way to maintain your freedom.
因為你相信這是維護你自由的最佳方式，所以你會仔細遵循指示。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Choosing not to wear a seatbelt despite laws and safety warnings, because you feel your personal freedom is being infringed.
盡管有法律和安全警告，但因為你感覺你的個人自由受到侵犯，所以選擇不系安全帶。
22. Confirmation Bias 確認偏誤
English Explanation:
Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.
中文解釋：
確認偏誤是一種傾向，即以某種確認某人已有信仰或假設的方式來搜索、解釋、偏愛和回憶信息。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Changing your opinion when presented with information that contradicts your beliefs.
當呈現與你的信仰相矛盾的信息時改變你的觀點。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Ignoring credible news sources that report negatively about your favored political party, and only trusting sources that show the party in a positive light.
忽略報道你偏愛的政黨負面消息的可信新聞源，只信任以積極光芒展示該黨的來源。
23. Backfire Effect 逆火效應
English Explanation:
The backfire effect occurs when people react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening their beliefs, rather than reconsidering them.
中文解釋：
逆火效應發生在人們通過加強他們的信仰而不是重新考慮他們來對待反證據的反應時。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Admitting you were wrong when someone shows you evidence that contradicts your opinion.
當有人向你展示與你意見相矛盾的證據時，承認你錯了。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Refusing to accept climate change data and becoming more convinced of your stance against it when presented with scientific evidence of global warming.
當呈現全球變暖的科學證據時，拒絕接受氣候變化數據并更加確信你反對它的立場。
24. Third-Person Effect 第三人效應
English Explanation:
The third-person effect hypothesizes that individuals believe others are more influenced by mass media and persuasive messages than they themselves are.
中文解釋：
第三人效應假設個體相信別人比他們自己更容易受到大眾媒體和說服性信息的影響。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Acknowledging that you are just as likely as others to be swayed by advertising.
承認你和其他人一樣有可能被廣告所影響。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Assuming your peers are more likely to be persuaded by a commercial, while you remain skeptical and unaffected.
假設你的同齡人更有可能被一則商業廣告所說服，而你保持懷疑和不受影響。
25. Belief Bias 信仰偏誤
English Explanation:
Belief bias is the tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the believability of their conclusions rather than the logic or evidence presented.
中文解釋：
信仰偏誤是根據結論的可信度而不是所呈現的邏輯或證據來判斷論據強度的傾向。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Carefully considering the validity of an argument, even if its conclusion challenges your existing beliefs.
即使結論挑戰你現有的信仰，也仔細考慮一個論點的有效性。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Accepting a poorly supported argument because it concludes in alignment with your own views.
因為結論與你自己的觀點一致，所以接受一個支持不充分的論點。
26. Availability Cascade 可得性級聯
English Explanation:
The availability cascade is a cognitive social process where a belief becomes more popular and accepted in the public sphere through increased repetition in media and public discourse.
中文解釋：
可得性級聯是一個認知社會過程，一個信念通過在媒體和公共話語中的增加重復變得在公眾領域更受歡迎和接受。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Assuming a fact is false because it has not been repeated often in public forums.
假設一個事實是假的，因為它沒有在公共論壇中被經常重復。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Believing that shark attacks are common because of frequent news stories about shark sightings and attacks, despite statistics showing they are rare.
盡管統計數據顯示鯊魚攻擊很罕見，但由于頻繁的鯊魚目擊和攻擊新聞故事，你相信鯊魚攻擊是常見的。
27. Declinism 衰退論
English Explanation:
Declinism is the belief that a society or institution is in decline, often romanticizing the past and perceiving the future negatively.
中文解釋：
衰退論是一種信念，認為一個社會或機構正在衰退，常常將過去理想化，并負面地看待未來。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Believing that every new technological advancement is a step toward a better future.
相信每一個新的技術進步都是朝著更好的未來邁進的一步。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Claiming that the education system used to be more effective in the past without acknowledging improvements or changes in contemporary education methods.
聲稱教育系統在過去更有效，而不承認現代教育方法的改進或變化。
- Status Quo Bias 現狀偏誤
English Explanation:
Status quo bias is the preference to keep things the same or maintain a previous decision rather than change.
中文解釋：
現狀偏誤是保持事物不變或維持先前決策而不是改變的偏好。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Excitedly adopting a new software tool because it promises to make your work more efficient, ignoring the potential for disruption.
因為它承諾讓你的工作更有效率，所以興奮地采用一個新的軟件工具，忽略了潛在的破壞性。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Refusing to switch from a traditional phone to a smartphone, despite the clear advantages, because you're used to the old one.
盡管有明顯的優勢，但因為你習慣了舊手機，所以拒絕從傳統手機換到智能手機。
29. Sunk Cost Fallacy (Escalation of Commitment) 沉沒成本謬誤
English Explanation:
The sunk cost fallacy is the misjudgment where people continue to invest in a decision based on the cumulative prior investment, despite new evidence suggesting that the cost, starting fresh, may be lower.
中文解釋：
沉沒成本謬誤是一種錯誤判斷，人們繼續在一個決定上投資，基于累積的先前投資，盡管新的證據表明從頭開始的成本可能會更低。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Choosing to abandon a project after realizing initial costs are not recoverable.
在意識到初始成本無法回收后選擇放棄一個項目。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Continuing to attend a bad movie because you've already paid for the ticket, rather than leaving to do something more enjoyable.
因為你已經為電影票付費，所以繼續觀看一部糟糕的電影，而不是離開去做更有趣的事情。
30. Gambler’s Fallacy 賭徒謬誤
English Explanation:
The gambler's fallacy is the erroneous belief that if something happens more frequently than normal during a given period, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa.
中文解釋：
賭徒謬誤是錯誤的信念，如果某事在一段給定時間內發生得比正常情況更頻繁，那么將來它會發生得更少，反之亦然。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Assuming that because it rained all week, it will not rain on the weekend.
假設因為整個星期都在下雨，所以周末不會下雨。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
After seeing several red cars pass by, believing the next car is less likely to be red because there have been so many in a row.
在看到幾輛紅色汽車經過后，認為下一輛汽車不太可能是紅色的，因為已經連續有這么多輛紅色汽車了。
31.Zero-Risk Bias 零風險偏誤
English Explanation:
Zero-risk bias is the tendency to prefer the complete elimination of a risk even when alternative options produce a greater reduction in overall risk.
中文解釋：
零風險偏誤是指傾向于完全消除一個風險，即使其他選擇可以產生更大的整體風險減少。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Choosing a medicine that reduces the chance of a common cold by 10% instead of one that reduces the risk of severe illness by 5%.
選擇一種藥物，它降低普通感冒的幾率為10%，而不是選擇一種將嚴重疾病風險降低5%的藥物。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Preferring to buy a lottery ticket with a 0% loss guarantee (getting your money back if you don't win) over a ticket with a higher chance of winning but no guarantee.
更喜歡購買有0%虧損保證的彩票（如果不中獎就退款），而不是購買中獎機會更高但沒有保證的彩票。
32. Framing Effect 框架效應
English Explanation:
The framing effect is the phenomenon where people make different decisions based on how the same factual information is presented.
中文解釋：
框架效應是指人們基于相同事實信息的不同呈現方式做出不同決策的現象。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Consistently making the same choice, regardless of how the information is framed.
無論信息如何呈現，始終做出相同的選擇。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Opting for surgery when told it has a 90% survival rate, but avoiding it when told there is a 10% mortality rate, even though the statistics are the same.
當被告知手術有90%的生存率時選擇手術，但當被告知有10%的死亡率時避免手術，盡管統計數據是相同的。
33. Stereotyping 成見
English Explanation:
Stereotyping is the act of assigning attributes to individuals solely based on their membership in a particular group, without acknowledging individual variability.
中文解釋：
成見是僅僅基于個人屬于某個特定群體就給他們賦予屬性的行為，而不承認個體差異。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Evaluating someone's skills based on direct observation of their performance.
基于對他們表現的直接觀察來評估某人的技能。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Assuming all software engineers are not good at public speaking without considering individual abilities.
假設所有軟件工程師都不擅長公共演講，而不考慮個人能力。
34.Outgroup Homogeneity Bias 外群體同質性偏見
English Explanation:
Outgroup homogeneity bias is the perception that individuals in a group outside our own are similar to each other, while perceiving our in-group as more differentiated.
中文解釋：
外群體同質性偏見是這樣一種看法：我們自己群體外的個體彼此相似，而我們自己的群體則更加有差異。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Appreciating the unique characteristics of each member in a rival sports team.
欣賞對手運動隊中每個成員的獨特特點。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Believing all fans of another sports team have the same negative qualities without recognizing the diversity among their fanbase.
認為另一個運動隊的所有粉絲都有相同的負面品質，而不認識到他們粉絲群中的多樣性。
35. Authority Bias
English Explanation:
Authority bias is the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure, regardless of the content.
中文解釋：
權威偏見是一種傾向，不管內容如何，都將更高的準確性歸于權威人物的意見。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Assessing the validity of a claim based on evidence rather than the status of the person making the claim.
基于證據而非提出聲明的人的地位來評估一個聲明的有效性。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Following medical advice from a celebrity rather than a certified doctor.
遵循名人的醫療建議而不是合格醫生的建議。
36. Placebo Effect 安慰劑效應
English Explanation:
The placebo effect occurs when a person experiences a physiological or psychological improvement after taking a treatment with no therapeutic effect, due to their belief in the treatment's efficacy.
中文解釋：
安慰劑效應發生在個體在使用沒有治療效果的處理后體驗到生理或心理上的改善，這種改善是由于他們對治療效果的信念。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Feeling pain relief after taking a medicine known to be effective for your condition.
在服用已知對你的病狀有效的藥物后感到疼痛緩解。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling less anxious after taking a sugar pill, believing it's a powerful anti-anxiety medication.
在服用糖丸后感覺不那么焦慮，因為認為它是強效的抗焦慮藥物。
37.Survivorship Bias 幸存者偏差
English Explanation:
Survivorship bias is the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, often leading to false conclusions.
中文解釋：
幸存者偏差是一種邏輯錯誤，它集中在那些通過某些選拔過程的人或事物上，并忽視了那些沒有通過的人或事物，這常常會導致錯誤的結論。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Evaluating the success rates of startups by considering all startups equally, whether they failed or succeeded.
通過平等地考慮所有的初創企業（無論成功與否）來評估初創企業的成功率。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Highlighting the stories of successful entrepreneurs without acknowledging the much larger number who failed.
突出成功企業家的故事，而不承認失敗的企業家數量要多得多。
38. Tachypsychia
English Explanation:
Tachypsychia is a distortion of perceived time, which can occur during stressful events, leading to the sensation that time is moving slower or faster than normal.
中文解釋：
心理時間加速是一種感知時間的扭曲，它可能在壓力事件期間發生，導致時間感覺比正常情況下移動得更慢或更快。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Experiencing time consistently regardless of emotional state or events happening around you.
無論情緒狀態或周圍發生的事件如何，都一致地體驗時間。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling like only minutes have passed during a traumatic event, when in fact much longer has passed.
在創傷事件中感覺只過了幾分鐘，實際上已經過去了很長時間。
39. Law of Triviality (Bike-Shedding) 瑣碎法則
English Explanation:
The law of triviality, also known as "bike-shedding," refers to the tendency to give disproportionate time and energy to trivial issues while neglecting more significant ones.
中文解釋：
瑣碎法則，也被稱為“自行車棚效應”，指的是將不成比例的時間和精力花在瑣碎問題上，而忽視更重大問題的傾向。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Spending equal time on both minor and major issues during a meeting.
在會議中對小問題和大問題花費相同的時間。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Arguing for hours over the color of a new bike shed while ignoring the discussion of the construction of a new nuclear power plant.
在新自行車棚的顏色上爭論數小時，而忽略了新核電站建設的討論。
40. Zeigarnik Effect Zeigarnik效應
English Explanation:
The Zeigarnik effect is the psychological phenomenon where people remember uncompleted or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks.
中文解釋：
Zeigarnik效應是一種心理現象，人們對未完成或被打斷的任務比完成的任務有更好的記憶。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Forgetting what you were about to say after being interrupted in a conversation.
在談話中被打斷后忘記你正要說什么。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Remembering the details of a project you're still working on more vividly than the one you've completed.
比起已經完成的項目，更生動地記住你還在進行中的項目的細節。
41.IKEA Effect IKEA效應
English Explanation:
The IKEA effect is the cognitive bias that causes people to place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created or assembled themselves.
中文解釋：
IKEA效應是一種認知偏差，它導致人們對他們部分創造或自己組裝的產品賦予過高的價值。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Valuing a piece of furniture less after assembling it yourself.
在自己組裝家具后對其價值評估更低。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling proud of and valuing a bookshelf more because you assembled it yourself, despite minor imperfections.
盡管有輕微瑕疵，但因為自己組裝了書架，感到自豪并對其評價更高。
42. Ben Franklin Effect 本·富蘭克林效應
English Explanation:
The Ben Franklin effect is a psychological phenomenon in which we are more likely to develop a positive attitude and do another favor for someone we have already helped than for someone who has helped us.
中文解釋：
本·富蘭克林效應是一種心理現象，我們更傾向于對我們已經幫助過的人產生積極態度，并為他們再做一個恩惠，而不是對幫助過我們的人。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Refusing to help someone again because you remember how much effort it took the first time.
因為記得第一次幫助時付出了多少努力，所以拒絕再次幫助某人。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Feeling more inclined to lend money to a friend you've already assisted with moving, rather than expecting them to pay you back for the moving help first.
比起期待朋友先償還搬家的幫助，更傾向于借錢給一個你已經幫助過搬家的朋友。
43.Bystander Effect 旁觀者效應
English Explanation:
The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present.
中文解釋：
旁觀者效應是一種社會心理現象，當其他人在場時，個體提供幫助給受害者的可能性會降低。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A person calls for help in a crowded area, and immediately everyone rushes to assist.
在一個擁擠的區域里，有人呼救，立即每個人都沖上前去提供幫助。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Walking past a person in distress on a busy street, assuming someone else will help.
在繁忙的街道上經過一位處于困境中的人，假設其他人會提供幫助。
44.Suggestibility 暗示性
English Explanation:
Suggestibility is a psychological vulnerability to accept and act on suggestions by others, often leading to false memories, especially in children.
中文解釋：
暗示性是一種心理易感性，它使人接受并根據他人的建議行事，這經常導致錯誤的記憶，尤其是在兒童中。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A child remembering a school event accurately despite their peers suggesting false details.
盡管同伴提供了錯誤的細節，一個孩子還是準確地記得了一個學校事件。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A child recalling a trip to the amusement park with details that were actually suggested by their parents, not from their own experience.
一個孩子回憶游樂園之旅時，提到的細節實際上是父母暗示的，而不是自己的親身體驗。
45. False Memory 錯誤記憶
English Explanation:
False memory is the psychological phenomenon where a person recalls something that did not happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually occurred.
中文解釋：
錯誤記憶是一種心理現象，個體回憶起的事情實際上并沒有發生，或者與事情實際發生的方式不同。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Recalling a memory in detail just as it happened without any alterations.
詳細回憶一個記憶，就像它發生時沒有任何改變一樣。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Remembering being lost in a mall as a child, even though it never happened, influenced by hearing a similar story from a relative.
記得小時候在商場迷路了，盡管這從未發生過，這種記憶是受到了聽親戚講述類似故事的影響。
46. Cryptomnesia 隱匿記憶
English Explanation:
Cryptomnesia occurs when a person mistakenly believes that a current thought or idea is a product of their own creation when, in fact, they have encountered it before and forgotten about it.
中文解釋：
隱匿記憶是指一個人錯誤地認為當前的想法或創意是他們自己創造的，實際上他們之前遇到過這個想法，但忘記了。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
A writer consciously takes a story idea from another author's book, fully aware it's not their original idea.
一個作家有意從另一本書中取材故事想法，完全意識到這不是他們原創的想法。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
A musician composes a melody, believing it to be original, but it's actually similar to a tune they heard years ago and forgot.
一個音樂家創作了一段旋律，認為它是原創的，但實際上它與他們多年前聽過然后忘記的曲調相似。
47. Clustering Illusion 聚類幻覺
English Explanation:
The clustering illusion is the cognitive bias where an individual sees patterns in random data where none actually exists.
中文解釋：
聚類幻覺是一種認知偏差，個體在隨機數據中看到了實際上不存在的模式。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Analyzing statistical data correctly to identify genuine trends and patterns.
正確分析統計數據以識別真正的趨勢和模式。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Looking at a random set of numbers and mistakenly identifying a sequence or trend.
看著一組隨機數字，錯誤地識別出一個序列或趨勢。
48. Pessimism Bias 悲觀偏差
We don’t think we have bias, and we see in others more than ourselves.
人信不認為自己有偏見，還會覺得別人比自己更偏激。
English Explanation:
Pessimism bias is the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of negative outcomes.
中文解釋：
悲觀偏差是指過高估計負面結果發生的可能性的傾向。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Expecting the best possible outcome in a situation despite historical trends suggesting otherwise.
盡管歷史趨勢表明不然，但還是期望在某種情況下得到最好的結果。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Assuming a job interview went poorly, despite positive feedback, because of a general expectation that things will go wrong.
盡管有積極的反饋，但由于普遍預期事情會出錯，假設一次工作面試進行得不好。
49. Optimism Bias 樂觀偏差
We sometimes are over-optimistic about good outcomes.
我信有時對好結果過于樂觀。
"It's going to turn out great! "
水還有半杯呢，一切會好起來的。
English Explanation:
Optimism bias is the tendency to believe that we are less likely to experience negative events and more likely to experience positive events.
中文解釋：
樂觀偏差是指我們相信自己不太可能經歷負面事件，更有可能經歷正面事件的傾向。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Preparing for the worst despite having no indication of bad outcomes.
盡管沒有壞結果的跡象，但還是為最壞的情況做準備。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Driving without a seatbelt, thinking you won't get into an accident because you're a good driver.
沒有系安全帶開車，因為你認為自己是一個好司機，不會發生事故。
50 Blind Spot Bias 盲點偏差
We don’t think we have bias, and we see in others more than ourselves.
人信不認為自己有偏見，還會覺得別人比自己更偏激。
"I am not biased!"
『我沒有偏見』
English Explanation:
Blind spot bias is the cognitive bias where individuals recognize the impact of biases on the judgment of others while failing to see the impact of biases on their own judgment.
中文解釋：
盲點偏差是一種認知偏差，個體認識到偏見對他人判斷的影響，但未能看到偏見對自己判斷的影響。
Incorrect Example (錯誤的例子):
Acknowledging your own biases in judgment and actively working to mitigate them.
承認你在判斷中的偏見，并積極努力減輕它們。
Correct Example (正確的例子):
Criticizing others for being biased while insisting that your own views are completely objective.
批評別人有偏見，同時堅持自己的觀點完全客觀。
