cpu與外設之間的種種不匹配,速度不匹配,緩沖,信號電平不同等等。所以必須有專門的代理來處理IO事件。輸入輸出控制中心(ICH,I/O controller hub),也就是南橋芯片。
I/O Controller Hub (ICH) is a family of Intel southbridge microchips used to manage data communications between a CPU and a motherboard, specifically Intel chipsets based on the Intel Hub Architecture. It is designed to be paired with a second support chip known as a northbridge. As with any other southbridge, the ICH is used to connect and control peripheral devices.
南北橋的作用如下圖
南北橋
IO端口設計之初,就被設計成要通過寄存器的方式同cpu進行通信,其內部有專門用于數據交換的寄存器,只不過這些寄存器在IO接口之中,為了區別cpu內部的寄存器,IO端口中的寄存器被稱作端口。
in al,dx
in ax,dx
//dx寄存器中是端口號,表示從端口號中讀取數據
out dx,al;
out dx,ax;
//dx中存儲端口號,表示向端口中