Adnroid的消息機(jī)制

Android的消息機(jī)制是指Handler的運(yùn)行機(jī)制,Handler是我們經(jīng)常需要用到的一個(gè)東西,所以熟練掌握這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)非常有必要。一般我們用Handler來更新UI界面,比如我們有一些耗時(shí)的操作需要在子線程中處理,如下載、請(qǐng)求網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)等,當(dāng)這些耗時(shí)的操作完成后,可能會(huì)需要在UI做一些改變,比如請(qǐng)求完數(shù)據(jù)后需要將結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)顯示在頁(yè)面相應(yīng)的控件上,比如下載過程中需要在UI界面顯示下載進(jìn)度等,但是Android系統(tǒng)規(guī)定,在子線程中是不能更新UI控件的,否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)異常。系統(tǒng)不允許在子線程中訪問UI是因?yàn)锳ndroid的UI控件并不是線程安全的,如果在多線程并發(fā)訪問可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致UI控件的狀態(tài)不可控。那么當(dāng)子線程中需要更新UI時(shí),Android的消息機(jī)制是怎么把更新UI的操作切換到主線程中的呢?

雖然關(guān)于Android消息機(jī)制在實(shí)際開發(fā)過程中我們開發(fā)者一般只需要使用到Handler,但是我們有必要清楚在實(shí)際開發(fā)過程中,Handler是和MessageQueueLooper一起協(xié)同工作的。MessageQueue即消息隊(duì)列,它是用來存儲(chǔ)消息的,以隊(duì)列的形式對(duì)消息進(jìn)行存取操作。Looper即輪詢器,用來輪詢消息隊(duì)列中是否有消息存在,MessageQueue是接收到消息后將其存儲(chǔ)起來,但它不能去處理消息,而Looper則是無限循環(huán)的去MessageQueue查看是否有新消息,有就去處理消息。

Handler在創(chuàng)建其對(duì)象的時(shí)候會(huì)采用當(dāng)前線程的Looper來構(gòu)造消息循環(huán)系統(tǒng),但是它是怎么獲取到當(dāng)前線程的Looper的呢?這里它用到了ThreadLocal,ThreadLocal可以在不同的線程互不干擾的存儲(chǔ)并提供數(shù)據(jù),通過ThreadLocal就可以拿到每個(gè)線程的Looper。當(dāng)然一個(gè)線程默認(rèn)是沒有Looper的,如果需要在一個(gè)線程中使用Handler就必須為線程創(chuàng)建Looper,而UI線程也就是ActivityThread在被創(chuàng)建時(shí)就會(huì)初始化Looper,所以在UI線程中,默認(rèn)就可以使用Handler。如果當(dāng)前線程中沒有Looper,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)下面的異常:

解決辦法就是為當(dāng)前線程創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Looper,錯(cuò)誤提示也告訴我們只需要調(diào)用

Looper.prepare();

就可以為當(dāng)前線程創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Looper,然后調(diào)用

Looper.loop();

來開啟消息輪詢,這樣在子線程中就同樣可以使用Handler了,比如這樣:

new Thread(new Runnable() {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        Looper.prepare();
        new Handler().post(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {

            }
        });
        Looper.loop();
    }
}).start();

ThreadLocal的工作原理

上面提到了Handler在創(chuàng)建的時(shí)候會(huì)獲取到當(dāng)前線程的Looper來構(gòu)造消息循環(huán)系統(tǒng),而獲取Looper時(shí)用到了ThreadLocal,ThreadLocal是一個(gè)線程內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)類,通過它可以在指定的線程中存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)后只有在指定的線程中才可以獲取到存儲(chǔ)的數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)于其他線程則無法獲取到。當(dāng)某些數(shù)據(jù)以線程為作用域并且不同線程具有不同的數(shù)據(jù)副本時(shí)就可以考慮使用ThreadLocal,比如Handler獲取當(dāng)前線程的Looper,Looper的作用域就只是當(dāng)前線程且不同的線程有不同的Looper,所以這時(shí)使用ThreadLocal就可以很容易的存取Looper。下面通過代碼來看看:

private ThreadLocal<String> mThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<>();
// UI線程中賦值
mThreadLocal.set("shenhuniurou");

// UI線程中取值
Log.d(TAG, "UI線程中mThreadLocal=" + mThreadLocal.get());

new Thread("Thread1") {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        // Thread1線程中賦值
        mThreadLocal.set("shenhuniurou1");

        // Thread1線程中取值
        Log.d(TAG, "UThread1線程中mThreadLocal=" + mThreadLocal.get());
    }
}.start();

new Thread("Thread2") {

    @Override
    public void run() {
        // Thread2線程中賦值
        mThreadLocal.set("shenhuniurou2");

        // Thread2線程中取值
        Log.d(TAG, "UThread1線程中mThreadLocal=" + mThreadLocal.get());
    }
}.start();

日志輸出如圖:

上面的代碼我們發(fā)現(xiàn),在不同的線程訪問同一個(gè)ThreadLocal對(duì)象,獲取到的值卻不一樣。這是因?yàn)椴煌€程訪問同一個(gè)ThreadLocal的get方法,ThreadLocal內(nèi)部會(huì)從各自的線程中取一個(gè)數(shù)組,然后再?gòu)臄?shù)組中根據(jù)當(dāng)前ThreadLocal的索引去查找出對(duì)應(yīng)的value值,所以不同線程的數(shù)組是不同的。

Handler的工作原理

Handler在消息機(jī)制中的工作主要包括消息的發(fā)送和接收,發(fā)送消息有兩種方式,一種是采用post方式:

handler.post(Runnable) 
or 
handler.postDelayed(Runnable)

另一種采用sendMessage方式:

handler.sendMessage(Message)

實(shí)際上post的方式最終也是通過sendMessage的方式完成的,我們可以看看post方式的源碼:

public final boolean post(Runnable r) {
   return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}

private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
    Message m = Message.obtain();
    m.callback = r;
    return m;
}

接下來我們看看Handler類中sendMessage方式的工作過程。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有sendMessage方法最后都會(huì)調(diào)用到下面這個(gè)方法去:

public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
    if (queue == null) {
        RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
        Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
        return false;
    }
    return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}

而Handler中持有消息隊(duì)列的引用,在enqueueMessage方法中將消息添加到隊(duì)列中:

private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
    msg.target = this;
    if (mAsynchronous) {
        msg.setAsynchronous(true);
    }
    return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}

上面這段代碼在調(diào)用MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法前,為消息msg設(shè)置一個(gè)target,即當(dāng)前的Handler類,這個(gè)后面會(huì)有用。我們可以到MessageQueue這個(gè)類中去看看enqueueMessage這個(gè)方法:

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
    if (msg.target == null) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
    }
    if (msg.isInUse()) {
        throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
    }

    synchronized (this) {
        if (mQuitting) {
            IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
            Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
            msg.recycle();
            return false;
        }

        msg.markInUse();
        msg.when = when;
        Message p = mMessages;
        boolean needWake;
        if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
            // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
            msg.next = p;
            mMessages = msg;
            needWake = mBlocked;
        } else {
            // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don't have to wake
            // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
            // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
            needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
            Message prev;
            for (;;) {
                prev = p;
                p = p.next;
                if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                    break;
                }
                if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                    needWake = false;
                }
            }
            msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
            prev.next = msg;
        }

        // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
        if (needWake) {
            nativeWake(mPtr);
        }
    }
    return true;
}

從這段代碼中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),消息隊(duì)列雖然名為隊(duì)列,可它內(nèi)部的數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是一個(gè)單鏈表。消息中的Runnable其實(shí)就是一個(gè)回調(diào)函數(shù),當(dāng)Looper處理完消息后,消息中的Runnable或者Handler的handleMessage方法就會(huì)被調(diào)用,而Looper是運(yùn)行在創(chuàng)建Handler所在的線程中,這樣Runnable或者h(yuǎn)andleMessage中的事務(wù)處理就被切換到創(chuàng)建Handler的線程了。

我們可以看到Handler發(fā)送消息的過程實(shí)際上僅僅是往消息隊(duì)列中添加了一條消息。而Looper一直在輪詢查看是否有新消息:

public static void loop() {
    final Looper me = myLooper();
    if (me == null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
    }
    final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

    // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
    // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
    Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
    final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

    for (;;) {
        Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
        if (msg == null) {
            // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
            return;
        }

        // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
        final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                    msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
        }

        final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
        if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
            Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
        }
        try {
            msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
        } finally {
            if (traceTag != 0) {
                Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
            }
        }

        if (logging != null) {
            logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
        }

        // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
        // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
        final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        if (ident != newIdent) {
            Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                    + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                    + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                    + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
        }

        msg.recycleUnchecked();
    }
}

可以看到,Looper取消息是調(diào)用了隊(duì)列的next方法,然后調(diào)用

msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);

前面說過這個(gè)消息的target就是Handler,所以是調(diào)用Handler的dispatchMessage方法:

public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
    if (msg.callback != null) {
        handleCallback(msg);
    } else {
        if (mCallback != null) {
            if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                return;
            }
        }
        handleMessage(msg);
    }
}

msg的callback其實(shí)就是post發(fā)送消息時(shí)傳遞的那個(gè)Runnable,如果有發(fā)送消息時(shí)有Runnable,就調(diào)用Runnable的run方法:

private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
    message.callback.run();
}

若沒有就檢查mCallback是否為空,不為空就調(diào)用mCallback的handleMessage方法。mCallback是一個(gè)接口,當(dāng)我們不想派生Handler的子類時(shí)可以采用實(shí)現(xiàn)Callback方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)。使用方法是當(dāng)前類實(shí)現(xiàn)Handler.Callback,然后重寫handleMessage方法。

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements Handler.Callback {

    @Override
    public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
        return false;
    }

}

最后如果mCallback為空,就調(diào)用Handler的handleMessage方法:

private Handler handler = new Handler() {
    @Override
    public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
        super.handleMessage(msg);
    }
};

MessageQueue的工作原理

消息隊(duì)列的主要工作包括消息的添加和讀取,分別使用的enqueueMesaagenext方法,上面已經(jīng)說過enqueueMessage方法了,就是把一條消息插入到單鏈表中,這里我們看一下next方法:

Message next() {
    // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
    // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
    // which is not supported.
    final long ptr = mPtr;
    if (ptr == 0) {
        return null;
    }

    int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
    int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
    for (;;) {
        if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
            Binder.flushPendingCommands();
        }

        nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

        synchronized (this) {
            // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
            final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            Message prevMsg = null;
            Message msg = mMessages;
            if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                do {
                    prevMsg = msg;
                    msg = msg.next;
                } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
            }
            if (msg != null) {
                if (now < msg.when) {
                    // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                } else {
                    // Got a message.
                    mBlocked = false;
                    if (prevMsg != null) {
                        prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                    } else {
                        mMessages = msg.next;
                    }
                    msg.next = null;
                    if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                    msg.markInUse();
                    return msg;
                }
            } else {
                // No more messages.
                nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
            }

        }
    }
}

可以看到,next方法和loop方法一樣,是一個(gè)無線循環(huán)的方法,如果消息隊(duì)列中沒有消息,next方法會(huì)一直阻塞在這里,當(dāng)有新消息來時(shí),next方法會(huì)返回該消息并將其從單鏈表中移除。

Looper的工作原理

Looper輪詢器的工作就是輪詢消息,有消息就處理,否則就阻塞,它的構(gòu)造方法如下:

private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
    mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
    mThread = Thread.currentThread();
}

首先它會(huì)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)MessageQueue,然后將當(dāng)前線程保存起來。前面也有提到如何創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Looper,即調(diào)用Looper的prepare方法來為當(dāng)前線程創(chuàng)建Looper:

private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
    if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
    }
    sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}

如果當(dāng)前線程的ThreadLocal已經(jīng)存在了Looper,調(diào)用prepare時(shí)則會(huì)拋出異常,每個(gè)線程只能創(chuàng)建一個(gè)Looper。創(chuàng)建完之后又將Looper保存到了ThreadLocal中。除了prepare方法外,Looper還提供了prepareMainLooper方法,該方法主要是給主線程也就是ActivityThread創(chuàng)建Looper使用的,但其本質(zhì)還是通過prepare方法實(shí)現(xiàn)的:

public static void prepareMainLooper() {
    prepare(false);
    synchronized (Looper.class) {
        if (sMainLooper != null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
        }
        sMainLooper = myLooper();
    }
}

Looper也是可以退出的,Looper提供了quitquitSafely方法來退出Looper,二者最終都是調(diào)用隊(duì)列的quit方法,只不過參數(shù)不同:

mQueue.quit(flag);
void quit(boolean safe) {
    if (!mQuitAllowed) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("Main thread not allowed to quit.");
    }

    synchronized (this) {
        if (mQuitting) {
            return;
        }
        mQuitting = true;

        if (safe) {
            removeAllFutureMessagesLocked();
        } else {
            removeAllMessagesLocked();
        }

        // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting was previously false.
        nativeWake(mPtr);
    }
}

quit是直接退出Looper,而quitSafely只是設(shè)定一個(gè)退出標(biāo)記,然后把消息隊(duì)列中的已有消息處理完畢后才安全退出。其實(shí)也就是下面這兩個(gè)方法的區(qū)別:

private void removeAllMessagesLocked() {
    Message p = mMessages;
    while (p != null) {
        Message n = p.next;
        p.recycleUnchecked();
        p = n;
    }
    mMessages = null;
}

private void removeAllFutureMessagesLocked() {
    final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
    Message p = mMessages;
    if (p != null) {
        if (p.when > now) {
            removeAllMessagesLocked();
        } else {
            Message n;
            for (;;) {
                n = p.next;
                if (n == null) {
                    return;
                }
                if (n.when > now) {
                    break;
                }
                p = n;
            }
            p.next = null;
            do {
                p = n;
                n = p.next;
                p.recycleUnchecked();
            } while (n != null);
        }
    }
}

Looper退出后,通過Handler發(fā)送消息會(huì)失敗,在子線程中如果手動(dòng)創(chuàng)建Looper,在事情處理完之后要調(diào)用quit方法來終止消息循環(huán),否則該子線程會(huì)一直處于等待狀態(tài),如果退出Looper以后,該線程就會(huì)終止。

Looper開啟消息循環(huán)的方法是loop,上面也提到過,它是無限循環(huán)的,能停止循環(huán)的就是消息隊(duì)列的next方法返回null,當(dāng)Looper調(diào)用了quit方法時(shí),Looper會(huì)調(diào)用消息隊(duì)列的quit或者quitSafely方法來通知消息隊(duì)列退出,當(dāng)消息隊(duì)列被標(biāo)記為退出狀態(tài)時(shí),它的next方法就會(huì)返回null,退出標(biāo)記就是這個(gè)變量mQuitting,我們看到在隊(duì)列的quit方法出,它被標(biāo)記為true了。

到這里Handler、MessageQueue、Looper的工作原理都理清了,下面用一張圖說明Android消息機(jī)制的工作原理:

handler-messagequeue-looper

相信看到這里,你已經(jīng)對(duì)第一段中我們拋出的問題“Android的消息機(jī)制是怎么把更新UI的操作切換到主線程中的呢?”有答案了吧。

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