“

難民，對大多數人來說可能是一個遙遠的存在。

他們，有一些被戰爭逼迫背井離鄉，有一些被貧困折磨朝不保夕。

這樣一群人，顛沛流離，無家可歸，世界之大，何處安身？我們又能為他們做些什么呢？

”

The forgotten millions

［1］ The European migration crisis of 2015 quickly turned into amoralityplay.Liberalslined railway platforms to welcomerefugees, while theirnativistfoeswarned ofchaosandterrorism. Lost in the row were the millions of refugees who stayed in the developing world, unwilling or unable to journey to richer countries. The boatsdisgorgingSyrians and Afghans onto Greek islands delivered one of the most serious emergencies the European Union has ever known. But according to a new book, they were asideshow.

morality：道德; 道德觀; 道德準則; 品德高尚的行為

liberal：自由主義者; 自由黨黨員;自由的; 開明的; 慷慨的; 不拘泥的

refugee：避難者，難民;

[例句]They stay here a few hours before being sent to refugee camps, which are now almost full

他們在這兒呆了幾個小時后被送往難民營，而那里現在幾乎已經滿員了。

nativist：先天論者，本土主義者;

[例句]This is the nativist wing of the Republican Party.

這是共和黨的本土主義派系。

foe：敵人，仇敵; 危害物; 反對者;

[例句]With power and to spare we must pursue the tottering foe.

宜將剩勇追窮寇。

chaos：混亂，紊亂; （天地未出現的） 渾沌世界; 〈古〉無底深淵; 一團糟;

[例句]The world's first transatlantic balloon race ended in chaos last night

昨晚世界第一屆跨大西洋熱氣球比賽在一片混亂中收場。

terrorism：恐怖主義，恐怖手段; 威嚇，脅迫; 恐怖狀態; 恐怖統治;

disgorging：被迫交出，吐出（臟物）;嘔吐; 退出; 吐出( disgorge的現在分詞 ); 倒出（食物、液體等）

[例句]With factories disgorging workers almost daily, some temporary unemployment at least looks unavoidable.

由于工廠幾乎每天都在解聘工人，一些人暫時失業似乎無論如何是不可避免的。

sideshow：（正戲中的） 穿插表演; 附帶游樂項目; 附帶事件或活動; 次要問題或事情;

2015年歐洲遺民危機迅速演變成道德問題。自由主義者排鐵路平臺歡迎難民，而他們的本土對手警告可能出現混亂和恐怖主義。這些難民數以百萬計，多是留在發展中國家，不愿或無法到達發達國家。一艘逃離敘利亞和阿富汗開往希臘島的船運來的難民，是歐盟經歷過的最嚴重的緊急情況之一。但根據一本新書所說，這可能還只是中場表演。

［2］The starting point of "Refuge" by Alexander Betts and Paul Collier, a refugee expert and a development economist, is theplightof the 86% of refugees who live in poor countries. The outlook for most is grim. Although the number of people dis-placed by conflict orpersecution(including those forced to flee inside their own countries) is at a post-war high of 65m, moresalientis the length of theirexile: about half the world’s refugees have endured their status for more than five years.

plight：境況，困境; 誓約;?保證，約定

[例句]Last year Collins wrote a moving ballad which highlighted the plight of the homeless

去年，柯林斯寫了一首動人的抒情歌曲，突出描繪了無家可歸者的苦境。

persecution：迫害或受迫害，煩擾; 苛求，困擾

[例句]We had to leave the country because of the persecutions.

由于受到迫害，我們不得不離開這個國家。

salient：顯著的，突出的; 重要的，主要的; 跳躍的; （指角） 凸出的;?凸角，[建]突出部; <軍>進攻或防衛陣地的突出部分;

exile：放逐，流放; 使背井離鄉;?流放，放逐，流亡; 長期離家[出國]; 被流放者，背井離鄉者

亞歷山大·貝茨和保羅·科利爾，一個難民專家和一個發展經濟學家，他們的書《避難》的出發點是那些生活在貧窮國家的86%的難民的困境。其中大多數人的前景是嚴峻的。雖然大概6500萬人在戰后不被沖突或迫害（包括那些被迫逃離自己的國家內），但其流亡的長度也很關鍵：全世界大約有一半的難民已經超過五年處于流亡的狀態。

［3］Take Syria's civil war, six years old with no end in sight. Most of the 4m Syrian refugeeslanguishingin neighboring Turkey, Jordan and Lebanon cannot return home. But they struggle to find decent work or educate their children in the towns and cities to which most haveflocked(the small numbers in camps have even fewer options). Any visitor to places like theBekaavalley in Lebanon will quickly see thehopelessnessthat sets in when refugees are denied astakein their own future.

languishing：日趨衰弱的，苦思的，渴望的;長期受苦( languish的現在分詞 ); 受折磨; 變得（越來越）衰弱; 因渴望而變得憔悴或悶悶不樂

[例句]He is languishing for home.

他苦思家鄉。

flock：獸群，鳥群; 群眾; 棉束; 大堆，大量;群集，成群結隊而行;用棉束填

Bekaa：[詞典]貝卡（黎巴嫩中部一谷地）

hopelessness：絕望

stake：股份; 樁; 刑柱; （在公司、計劃等中的） 重大利益;?用樁支撐; 以…下注[打賭]; 用樁區分，界分

[例句]The tension was naturally high for a game with so much at stake

對于一場成敗攸關的比賽來說氣氛自然非常緊張。

就拿敘利亞的戰爭來說，6年就仿佛沒有盡頭。400萬敘利亞難民大部分都留在相鄰的土耳其，約旦和黎巴嫩，日漸衰弱，不能回家。他們努力尋找體面的工作，或蜂擁至城鎮給自己的孩子優秀的教育，在小地方的人比較少，而選擇更少。任何來到像黎巴嫩的Bekaa河谷這樣地方的游客，將很快看到難民被剝奪了他們未來賭注之后出現的絕望。

［4］?The UN's refugee body (UNHCR) has a legalmandateto help, but it ischronicallyunderfunded and increasingly irrelevant. Under theprevailing"care and maintenance" model, the UNHCR and its partner agencies act assurrogatestates, keeping refugees in limbo for years. That suits rich countries, which pay to keep refugees away, andallaysthe economic and security fears of their hosts. But it creates lost generations—the third generation ofSomalirefugees in the vast Dadaabagglomerationin Kenya now numbers 10,000— and does nothing for the refugees who are not in camps. The big argument of "Refuge" is that refugees should be given jobs rather thancoddledas victims, and that governments shouldharnessthe forces of globalisation andcapitalismto help.

UNHCR：United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 聯合國難民事務高級專員（辦事處）

mandate：授權; 命令; 委任; 任期;?托管; 批準;?強制執行; 委托辦理

[例句]The President and his supporters are almost certain to read this vote as a mandate for continued economic reform

總統及其支持者幾乎肯定地認為這次投票是對繼續進行經濟改革的授權。

chronically：慢性地，習慣性地，長期地

[例句]It is required by law to shut down banks which it regards as chronically short of capital

法律規定資金長期短缺的銀行必須關閉。

prevailing：盛行的; 普遍的; 占優勢的; 主要的;?盛行; 獲勝( prevail的現在分詞 ); 說服; （ 思想、觀點等） 被接受

surrogate：代理，代表; 代用品，代替，代孕者，[心]代用人物; 〈美〉遺囑檢驗法庭[法官];?代理的; 代理的;?代理，替代

allay：減輕，緩和; 使冷靜，使平靜; 止渴; 消痛

Somali：（東非國家） 索馬里族（人）索馬里語

agglomeration：成團，結塊

[例句]The towns are on the way to becoming agglomerations of desperately poor people

這些城市正逐漸變為極度貧窮之人的聚居地。

coddle：悉心照料，嬌慣;

[例句]She coddled her youngest son madly

她對小兒子過于溺愛。

harness：背帶; 馬具，挽具; 系帶;利用; 給（馬等）套軛具; 控制

capitalism：資本主義（制度）; 資本（或財富）的擁有; 資本（私人占有和生產盈利）的支配地位

聯合國難民機構（難民署）有法律授權的幫助，但其長期資金不足，也就越來越無關緊要。在普遍的“關心與維護”模式下，聯合國難民署及其伙伴機構充當代理國，使難民們多年處于不穩定狀態。發達國家常這么做，花錢請難民離開，保證本地居民的經濟與安全。但這造成了迷惘的一代：在肯尼亞廣闊的達達阿布集聚索馬里難民的第三代現在增到10000人，但沒有為不在難民營的難民做任何事。避難所應該給難民工作，而不是把他們當做受害者悉心照料。政府應利用全球化和資本主義的力量幫助他們。

［5］The authors'Eurekamoment came in Jordan in 2015, when they were shown a low-tax "special economic zone" (of the sort popular in parts of Asia) near Zaatari, a refugee camp. The camp "reekedof lives on hold", while the zone needed workers. The answer seemed obvious: alongside nationals, refugees should be put to work. Done well, the authors argue hopefully, this approach canalignthe interests of refugees, donors and host countries. To test their ideas Messrs Betts and Collier have helped establish a pilot scheme in Jordan, with help from Western governments(the EU has offered trade concessions) and companies like Asda, a British super-market, which uses suppliers that hire refugees in the zone. Results so far are mixed, although it is early days. Different solutions can be found for other countries. In some parts of Africa, for example, refugees can be given arable land to farm; Uganda has found success with this approach. When peace returns at home, refugees can return. If it doesn’t, after a set period they should be allowed to naturalise.

eureka：（因找到某物，尤指問題的答案而高興） 我發現了，我找到了

reek：惡臭; 水蒸汽; 霧; 煙;?冒煙; 發出濃烈的臭氣; 散發臭氣;?散發; 用煙熏; 發出…的氣息

[例句]Your breath reeks of stale cigar smoke

你滿嘴都是難聞的雪茄味。

align：使成一線，使結盟; 排整齊;排列; 成一條線

2015年在約旦，當他們看到Zaatari難民營附近的低稅收的“經濟特區”（這種類型流行在亞洲的部分地區），一個難民營，作者獲得了靈感。這個營地散發著生活的氣息，而地區需要工人。答案很明顯了：和市民一樣，難民應該投入工作。如果做得好，作者充滿希望地想，這種方法就能使難民、捐助者和東道國的利益協調一致。為了驗證他們的觀點，貝茨和科利爾在約旦幫忙建立了一個飛行員項目，借助了西方政府（歐盟提供了交易特許經營權）和像Asda這樣公司的幫助，Asda是一家英國超市，它使用雇傭難民的供應商。到目前為止結果喜憂參半，雖然只是初期階段。其他國家可以尋求不同的解決方案。例如，在非洲的一些地方，難民可以耕種耕地；而這種方法，在烏干達獲得了成功。當國內和平了，難民可以回國。如果沒有，經過一段時間，應該允許他們入籍。

［6］ Where does the West fit in? The authorsslamAngela Merkel, Germany'schancellor, for triggering huge movements of refugees and migrants to Europe by relaxing entry rules for Syrians in August 2015. The charge is unfair. Mrs Merkel's decision was as much consequence as cause: theexoduswas well under way by the summer. A striking claim that Germany's decisions "may have" intensified the violence in Syria is presented without evidence.

slam：砰地關上（門或窗）; 猛烈抨擊; 使勁一推; 猛勁一摔;?砰然關上; 猛力打擊，碰撞; 撞到了一輛卡車上;?猛擊; 猛然關閉的聲音

Chancellor：大臣; （某些美國大學的） 校長; （德國或奧地利的） 總理; （英國大學的） 名譽校長

exodus：離去，退出; 古代以色列人出埃及

[例句]Lieutenant Malcolm said she saw no sign that the exodus from Haiti was abating

馬爾科姆海軍上尉說她沒有發現人們大批逃離海地有減緩的跡象。

西部適合哪里？作者抨擊德國總理默克爾在2015八月放寬了對敘利亞人的入境規則，引發大批難民和移民涌入歐洲。指控不公平。默克爾夫人的起因和結果一樣重要：夏季的外出活動正在順利進行。德國的決策可能加劇了敘利亞暴力事件的這個驚人說法是毫無根據的。

［7］The authors are on steadier ground when they note the high price of Europeangenerosity. Sweden, for example, has diverted half its foreign-aid budget to pay for refugees at home; thus the world’s poorest are in effect subsidizing their more fortunatebrethrenin Sweden’s expensiveasylumsystem. The drain has lost Syria its brightest, crimping its chances of post-conflict recovery. Rather than argue for rich countries to take in evermore refugees, the authors urge them to offer political and economic help to "havens" like Jordan and Kenya, including financial incentives for firms to invest.

generosity：慷慨，大方; 寬容或慷慨的行為; 豐富

brethren：<舊>兄弟們，同胞; 〈舊〉同黨，會友;

asylum：庇護; 避難所; 政治避難; 精神病院;

[例句]He applied for asylum in 1987 after fleeing the police back home.

1987年他在本國逃脫警察追捕后，就申請了政治庇護。

作者們注意到歐洲慷慨的代價時，還比較穩定。例如，瑞典已經將一半的對外援助預算轉移到國內為難民支付；因此，世界上最貧窮的人實際上在為他們在瑞典昂貴的庇護系統中的幸運同胞提供補貼。人才流失使敘利亞失去了最有利的一面，削弱了其沖突后恢復的可能。作者呼吁富國向約旦和肯尼亞等“避風港”提供政治和經濟援助，包括為企業投資提供經濟支持，而不是讓富裕國家接納難民。

［8］This will unsettle those whodespairat ?Europe’s inability to handle a refugeeinfluxof 1m when its poorer neighbours cope with far higher numbers. Perhaps a bigger problem is that ”Refuge” provides no guide on how to handle today’s mixed flows of economic migrants and refugees. Unlike many advocacy groups, the authors are careful (and right) to distinguish the two. But the peoplesmugglersin Libya who haul Eritreans onto boats together withNigeriansandBangladeshisdo not, creating headaches for European governments.

despair：絕望; 使人絕望的人（或事物）

[例句]I looked at my wife in despair

我絕望地看著妻子。

influx：流入，注入; 匯集〔指人或物〕，充斥; 注入口，河口

[例句]The country simply cannot absorb this influx of refugees.

這個國家實在不能接納這么多涌入的難民。

smuggler：走私者; 走私船

[例句]The bombings were masterminded by a known drugs smuggler.

爆炸是由一個臭名昭著的毒品走私分子操縱的。

Eritreans：厄立特里亞的

Bangladeshi：孟加拉國人，孟加拉國居民;（有關） 孟加拉國的，（有關）孟加拉人的

[例句]Many Bangladeshis were employed in the construction or fishing industries.

許多孟加拉國人都從事建筑業或漁業。

這將使對歐洲無法處理100萬難民涌入感到絕望的人動搖，當歐洲鄰近更貧窮的國家接受了更多的難民。也許更大的問題是，“避難所”對如何處理當今經濟移民和難民的混合流沒有指導意義。與許多倡導團體不同的是，作者謹慎（并正確）地區分了兩者。那些把厄立特里亞人和尼日利亞人，孟加拉人都拉上船的利比亞人口販子并不能區分經濟移民和難民，這讓歐洲政府非常頭疼。

［9］"Refuge" suffers from poor editing; it iswearyinglyrepetitiveand dotted with errors (Mrs Merkel has not, for example, imposed a cap on refugees). A few eyebrows will also be raised at the claim that Europe’s refugee flows were responsible for Britain’s vote to leave the EU. But this should not detract from the humanity of a book that places the long-term needs of the world’s refugees at its heart. "Refuge" is the first comprehensive attempt in years to re-think from first principles a systemhideboundby old thinking and handwringing. Its ideas demand a hearing.

weary：疲倦的; 困乏的; 令人厭倦[生厭，發膩]的; 感到厭倦的;（使） 疲乏，（使）厭煩;?疲倦，疲乏; 厭倦，厭煩; 渴望，切望

repetitive：重復的，啰嗦的; 復唱的

hidebound：對新的思想、方法等格格不入的，守舊的，思想偏狹的

wringing：淋濕的，濕透的;?絞( wring的現在分詞 ); 握緊（尤指別人的手）; 把（濕衣服）擰干; 絞掉（水）

[例句]He was wringing wet after working in the field in the hot sun.

烈日下在田里干活使他汗流滿面。

難民遭受貧困的折磨：重復的疲倦，不斷的錯誤（默克爾夫人并未，例如，給難民戴帽子）。對于歐洲難民流是英國脫歐的原因這個說法，很多人是表示不同意的。但對于一本將世界難民的需求放在心上的書，這一點不會減損其人道主義。多年以來，“避難所”是第一個全面考慮過去經驗教訓的想法。其理念值得領取借鑒。

戰爭的受害者總是普通人，面對殺戮和饑餓，這些人自身的力量很微弱，如果沒有人施以援手，他們就很難生存下去，更談不上獲得教育工作的機會，那么也不會有人能拯救他們的家園，惡性循環，悲慘不會終止，而最后誰能獨善其身呢？

有一位敘利亞難民這樣描述他們的逃亡：只想尋找一個安靜的地方，那里沒有人傷害你、沒有人侮辱你、沒有人殺害你……

希望我們可以為他們構造這樣一個地方。

英文原文：

http://www.economist.com/news

講解：霞姐 / Tiassa / Angel

編排 / 校對：Angel

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