1.字符串字面量

let someString = "Some string literal value"http:// Swift推斷為String類型

2.初始化空字符串

var emptyString = ""http:// 空字符串字面量
var anotherEmptyString = String()

可以使用字符串的.isEmpty屬性來判斷是否為空

3.字符串可變性

var str = "Sun Wukong"
str += " is the monkey king"
// str = "Sun Wukong is the monkey king"

// 切記 let 聲明的字符串不可修改

4.使用字符

var str:String = "Hello你好"
1>字符串長度
print(str.characters.count)
2>字節長度
print(str.lengthOfBytes(using: .utf8))
3>使用字符
for a in str.characters{
    print("字符",a)
}

let catCharacters: [Character] = ["C", "a", "t", "!", "?"]
let catString = String(catCharacters)
// catString = "Cat!?"

5.連接字符串和字符

let string1 = "Hello"
let string2 = " there"
var welcome = string1 + string2
print("加法拼接字符串", welcome)
// "Hello there"

let name: String? = "老王"
let age = 80
let location = "隔壁"
print("不同類型拼接字符串", location + (name ?? "a") + String(age) + "歲")
// 隔壁老王80歲
print("\(location)\(name)\(age)歲")
// 隔壁Optional("老王")80歲 !

var instruction = "look over"
instruction += string2
print("使用+=拼接字符串", instruction)
// look over there

let exclamationMark: Character = "!"
welcome.append(exclamationMark)
print("使用append添加到字符串未", welcome)
// Hello there!

6.格式字符串

let h = 13
let m = 5
let s = 9
let timeStr = String(format: "%02d:%02d:%02d", arguments: [h,m,s])
let timeStr1 = String(format: "%02d:%02d:%02d", h,m,s)
//  timeStr = "13:05:09"  
//  timeStr1 = "13:05:09"

7.字符串插值

字符串插值是一種構建新字符串的方式，可以在其中包含常量、變量、字面量和表達式。 插入的字符串字面量 的每一項都在以反斜線為前綴的圓括號中:

let multiplier = 3
let message = "\(multiplier) times 2.5 is \(Double(multiplier) * 2.5)" 
// message 是 "3 times 2.5 is 7.5"

8.Unicode

Unicode是一個國際標準，用于文本的編碼和表示。它使您可以用標準格式表示來自任意語言幾乎所有的字符，并能夠對文本文件或網頁這樣的外部資源中的字符
進行讀寫操作。 Swift 的 String 和 Character 類型是完 全兼容 Unicode 標準的。

Unicode.png

9.訪問字符串

let greeting = "Guten Tag!"
// 第一個字符 "G"
let greetingStart: Character =  greeting[greeting.startIndex]
// 最后一個字符 "!"
let greetingBefore: Character = greeting[greeting.index(before: greeting.endIndex)]
// 第一個字符后面一個字符 "u"
let greetingAfter: Character = greeting[greeting.index(after: greeting.startIndex)]
// 取第七位的字符 "a" （首位為0位）
let index = greeting.index(greeting.startIndex, offsetBy: 7)
let greetingIndex = greeting[index]

//  endIndex可以獲取最后一個字符的后一個位置的索引
//  greeting[greeting.endIndex] // error 錯誤?
//  greeting.index(after: endIndex) // error 錯誤?

10.修改字符串

var come = "hello"
come.insert("!", at: come.endIndex)
print("插入一個字符", come) 

come.insert(contentsOf: " there".characters, at: come.index(before: come.endIndex))
print("插入一個字符串", come)

come.remove(at: come.index(before: come.endIndex))
print("刪除一個字符", come)

let range = come.index(come.endIndex, offsetBy: -6)..<come.endIndex
come.removeSubrange(range)
print("刪除一個字符串", come)

come.removeAll()
print("刪除全部", come)

11.比較字符串

1>相等 ==
2>前綴相等 hasPrefix(_:)
3>后綴相等 hasSuffix(_:)

let romeoAndJuliet = [
    "Act 1 Scene 1: Verona, A public place",
    "Act 1 Scene 2: Capulet's mansion",
    "Act 1 Scene 3: A room in Capulet's mansion",
    "Act 1 Scene 4: A street outside Capulet's mansion",
    "Act 1 Scene 5: The Great Hall in Capulet's mansion",
    "Act 2 Scene 1: Outside Capulet's mansion",
    "Act 2 Scene 2: Capulet's orchard",
    "Act 2 Scene 3: Outside Friar Lawrence's cell",
    "Act 2 Scene 4: A street in Verona",
    "Act 2 Scene 5: Capulet's mansion",
    "Act 2 Scene 6: Friar Lawrence's cell"
]

// 前綴
var act1SceneCount = 0
for scene in romeoAndJuliet {
    if scene.hasPrefix("Act 1") {
        act1SceneCount += 1
    }
}
print("There are \(act1SceneCount) scenes in Act 1")
// There are 5 scenes in Act 1

// 后綴
var mansionCount = 0
var cellCount = 0
for scene in romeoAndJuliet {
    if scene.hasSuffix("Capulet's mansion"){
        mansionCount += 1
    } else if scene.hasSuffix("Friar Lawrence's cell") {
        cellCount += 1
    }
}
print("\(mansionCount) mansion scenes; \(cellCount) cell scenes")
// 6 mansion scenes；2 cell scenes