a. 作主語 it + to do

i. 不定式放在句首作主語 通常是兩個不定式作對比才這樣使用

1. To love for the sake of being loved is human, but to love for the sake of loving is angelic

ii. 不定式放在句末作主語

1. It’s + 形容詞 + to do
   a. Bush’s remarks: Education is the best anti-crime program. It’s important to enforce law. It’s important to hold people accountable for their actions. It is important to have consistent policy that says, if you harm somebody, there will be a punishment for that harm. But in the best interests for my country, the long-term solution is to make sure the education system works for everybody. And when that happens, there will be a more helpful future for people, and there will be less poverty, less hopelessness, and less crime.
2. 其他結構
   a. It takes time and effort to master English
   b. It is my duty to help you with your English
3. 思維差異
   a. It is against the regulation for you to park your car here。
   b. It is impossible for us to maser English in a short time.

b. 不定式的作用：作賓語（動詞+to do）

i. 動詞+to do 常接不定式的：afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, begin, bother, care, choose, consent , dare, decide, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, trouble, try, want, wish.

1. He promised not to tell anyone about it

ii. 動詞+疑問詞+ to do 可接連詞代詞 what, who, which 或鏈接副詞 how, when, where 及連詞 whether 常用動詞有：ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, forget, find out, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, teach, think, understand, wonder

1. Every aspect of our life is determined by our habits, including relationships with those we love. This book teaches you how to acquire new habits that can help improve your relationships automatically!

iii. 動詞+it+賓語補足語 + to do

1. The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.

c. 作賓語補足語（動詞+賓語+to do） 動詞 ： advice, allow, ask, beg, believe, cause, command, challenge, compel, declare, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, have, help, instruct, intend, invite, judge, leave, let, like, mean, make, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, recommend, request, remind, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, want, warn, wish, urge

i. There is still availability of the hottest toys this Christmas, but we still advise parents and shoppers to get to stores as early as possible next week.

d. 不定式的作用：作定語

i. 賓語關系

1. 作不定式中的動詞的賓語
   a. I give the kid comic to read.
2. 作不定式中的介詞的賓語
   a. According to the Chinese tradition of the Water Splashing Festival, the more water you pour over someone the more luck you give them, so we gave each other a good few hours of hair soaking and eye-reddening luck to remember each other by

ii. 主語關系

1. He was the second person to be killed in this way.

iii. 同位語關系

1. In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willing to take risks, to confront the unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may “fail” at first. How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow.

iv. 狀語關系

1. 方式狀語關系
   a. In this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept.
2. 時間狀語關系
   a. The time to go is July= The time at which you should go is July
3. 地點狀語關系
   a. A good place to eat is the Sichuan restaurant around the corner.
   v. 補語關系
4. The thing for you to be these days is a gold-collar

e. 不定式的作用：形容詞+to do

i. 賓語關系（一）： He is interesting to listen to

1. By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process is not the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles.
2. 句型特點：
   a. 句子的表層結構和深層結構不統一
   b. 句型可變換，還原 To fool him is easy= It is easy to fool him = He is easy to fool
   c. 形容詞的特點 該句型強調“事情”、活動的性質特征 常用形容詞有： agreeable(適宜的), awful, comfortable, convenient, dangerous, delightful, difficult, disagreeable, dreadful, easy, hard, horrible, impossible, lovely, marvelous, safe, unsafe, splendid, strange, terrible, wonderful, alarm, amaze, amuse, annoy, astonish, bewilder, bore, depress, disappoint, disgust, embarrass, encourage, excite, frighten, horrify, interest, surprise, terrify, upset
   d. 動詞特點 第一.及物動詞不帶賓語 第二，若是不及物動詞，則須添加適當的介詞
3. 使用該句型要注意以下三點：
   a. 不定式動詞一般不用被動語態（最容易出錯）
   b. 不定式后不能再加賓語
   c. 有時需要在不定式中添加適當的介詞 針對不及物動詞

ii. 賓語關系（二）：The book is interesting to buy.

1. 結構上的不同：不能進行句式變換
2. 形容詞的特點不同 只表示事物的性質特點，而不是事件的性質特點。
3. 不定式是否可以省去 賓語關系（1）中的不定式不能省，但是這里的是可以省的
4. 有灰色地帶 The bed is comfortable to sleep in

iii. 主語關系（一）： He is kind to help us

iv. 主語關系（二）：He is glad to help us.

1. 比較一：與賓語關系（一）比較
   a. He is easy to please/ He is eager to please
2. 比較二：與主語關系（二）He is kind to help us/ He is glad to help us

v. 主語關系（三）：He is slow to react. 不是像主語關系（一）中那樣評價（人）的行為，也不像主語關系（二）中的那樣表示“人”的情感,只是在邏輯上說明不定式的動作的特點，相當于方式狀語從句

1. He is slow to react. He reacts slowly.

f. 不定式的作用:作狀語

i. 目的狀語

1. For and adhesive to make a really strong bond, the surfaces to be glued must be absolutely clear and free from moisture or grease

ii. 結果狀語

1. Only to do
   a. All too often, women complain that they’re equated as equals, only to go out into the workforce to be treated as inferiors.
2. So … as to do/ such as to do
   a. She had such a good friend as to help her when she was in trouble
3. …enough to do
4. Too … to do
   a. 肯定形式,否定意思
   b. 肯定形式，肯定意思（1） 當接ready, anxious, eager, willing
   i. You are too ready to find faults with other people
   c. 肯定形式，肯定意思（2） 當too前面有only, all, but, really 修飾時，表肯定
   i. He would be only too glad to be her boyfriend, but he knew he couldn’t match her in family status.
   d. 否定句
   i. No too… to do 不很。。。所以能夠
   ii. Too ….. not to do 很。。。。所以不會不
5. 條件狀語 will, would, shall, should, must, can, could
   a. The father will be proud for his son to win the gold medal.
6. 原因狀語
   a. They laughed to see the clown.

g. 不定式的作用（7）：獨立使用的不定式

i. To begin with, to tell the truth, to make a long story short, so to speak, to be brief/exact/frank/honest, to say nothing of, to say the least

ii. 不定式引導的獨立的句子 to think, to imagine 你想想。。。。竟然有這種事

h. 不定式的邏輯主語

i. 何謂邏輯主語 He was anxious to meet you he 是不定式的邏輯主語 He was anxious for his sister to meet you his sister 是不定式的邏輯主語

ii. 邏輯主語的構成（1） for+名詞或代詞+to do

iii. 邏輯主語的構成（2） of sb +to do 要結合 brave, careful, careless, clever, cruel, foolish, generous, kind, modest, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly, stupid, thoughtful.

1. It’s wise of you not to argue with your boss.

i. 不定式的時態和語態（一）：被動式(to be done)

四種體態 主動 被動
一般 To write To be written
完成 To have written To have been written
進行 To be writing 一般不用
完成進行 To have been writing 一般不用

i. 被動不定式

1. 作主語的被動不定式
   a. It’s necessary for us to be constantly reminded of our shortcomings.
2. 作賓語的被動不定式
   a. It is known that electrical and chemical energy began to be studied systematically in the last century.
3. 作賓語補足語的被動不定式
   a. He wanted the letter to be delivered at once.
4. 作表語的被動不定式
   a. This form is to be filled out in ink
5. 作狀語的被動不定式
   a. She was too old to be assigned such work.

ii. 雙重被動式

1. The construction is reported to have been completed.

j. 不定式的時態和語態（2）：完成式

i. 表示發生在謂語動作之前

1. 態度情感類謂語
   a. Nelson, married to her husband for nearly 12 years, knows the meaning of happiness. “God gave me the best husband ever,” she said. “ I am incredibly blessed to have met him”
2. 觀點類謂語 常見動詞有 say, believe, think 一般用于被動語態，然后接完成不定式
   a. Humans are believed to have evolved from the primate species.
3. 推斷類謂語
   a. I seem to have lost some weight. Look how baggy my pants are.

ii. 表示非真實的過去

1. I meant to have telephoned, but I forgot.
2. I was to have visited you yesterday evening.

k. 不定式的時態和語態：進行式

i. The economy was in a slump, but now it seems to bouncing back.

ii. He pretended to be listening attentively when the teacher came by

l. 不定式的時態和語態：完成進行式

i. They are said to have been collecting folk songs in Yunnan.

m. 省去to的不定式

i. 在某些動詞的復合賓語中

1. 感覺動詞：see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe
2. 使役動詞： let, make, have

ii. 在特定的句型結構中

1. Had better, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but
   a. It all started to innocently that warm June night, when I first met you, you looked so beautiful and lovely I couldn’t help but fall in love with you, even though we both agreed our worlds were far apart, and could never be done.
2. More than, rather than, other than, than 后面加不帶to的不定式
3. Do nothing/anything/everything/ but do
4. Why (not) +do 句子中
5. 并列結構中，to 常被省去 在and, or, but 等詞連接時，常省去to
6. 在一些固定搭配中: make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let go of, hear say, leave go of