?School bullying during a pandemic
疫情期間的校園霸凌
Dr Mandy Shaw, Lecturer in?Criminology?at Leeds Beckett University, explores the?bullying?of young people in this short, research-based paper intended to support?practitioners?and inform policymaker thinking, which was written during the early days of the Coronavirus pandemic.
【criminology】/?kr?m??n?l?d?i/?[uncountable] the scientific study of crime and criminals 犯罪學
【bully】/?b?li/to frighten or hurt a weaker person; to use your strength or power to make sb do sth 恐嚇；傷害；脅迫 bullying noun 欺凌，霸凌
【practitioner】/pr?k?t???n?(r)/ (specialist) a person who works in a profession, especially medicine or law （尤指醫學或法律界的）從業人員
【policymaker】['p?lisi,meik?] N-COUNT 可數名詞（政治）政策制定者，決策人 In politics, policymakers are people who are involved in making policies and policy decisions.
利茲貝克特大學(Leeds Beckett University)犯罪學講師曼迪·肖(Mandy Shaw)博士在這篇簡短的研究論文中探討了青年受到霸凌的問題。這篇論文寫于冠狀病毒大流行的早期，旨在為從業者提供支持，并為決策者的思維提供信息。
The problem
霸凌問題
School bullying involves the repeated intent to harm a child or young person, either directly or indirectly. Individuals who bully may?participate in?anti-social behaviour outside school, may be at increased risk of?exclusion?and therefore?vulnerable?to being involved in crime, or their bullying behaviour may be a response to their own?victimisation. Children and young people who are victims of school bullying are the focus of behaviour which may be?categorised?as a criminal offence in other contexts, victims may be absent from school as a coping mechanism and may suffer severe mental health responses.
【participate】/pɑ??t?s?pe?t/ ?~ (in sth) (“rather” formal) to take part in or become involved in an activity 參加；參與
【exclusion】/?k?sklu??n/ ?[uncountable, countable] (BrE) a situation in which a child is banned from attending school because of bad behaviour 開除學籍
【vulnerable】/?v?ln?r?bl/ adjective?~ (to sb/sth) weak and easily hurt physically or emotionally （身體上或感情上）脆弱的，易受…傷害的?vulnerability noun
【victimize/victimise】/?v?kt?ma?z/ [often passive] ~ sb to make sb suffer unfairly because you do not like them, their opinions, or sth that they have done （不正當地）使受害，使受苦?victimisation/?v?kt?ma??ze??n/ noun 受害，受苦
【categorize/categorise】/?k?t?ɡ?ra?z/?verb to put people or things into groups according to what type they are 將…分類；把…加以歸類 SYN classify
校園霸凌包括反復直接或間接地故意傷害兒童或青年。實施霸凌行為的人可能會在校外參與反社會活動，可能會面臨被學校開除學籍的風險，因此很容易卷入犯罪，或者他們的霸凌行為可能是對自己受害的一種回應。作為校園霸凌受害者的兒童和青少年是可能被歸類為其他情況下刑事犯罪的行為的焦點。作為應對的方法，受害者可能會曠課，并遭受嚴重的心理健康反應。
What we know about school bullying and how we know it
我們對校園霸凌的了解以及我們是如何知道的
The most recent annual UK bullying survey found that 22% of young people were bullied between 2018- 2019 (Ditch the Label, 2019), with 15% of those young people being bullied several times a week. This involved?verbal?bullying, physical assault or cyber-bullying; sometimes all three. Similar statistics were reported in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) in 2018 and it is estimated that one in five school children are affected by school bullying internationally (Ttofi and Farrington, 2012). Bullying can lead to high levels of anxiety and depression among those who are bullied and,?tragically, to suicide.?Whilst?for victims of bullying, the lockdown may have provided temporary relief from?unrelenting?victimisation at school, for some, bullying will have continued online.
【verbal】/?v??bl/?relating to words 文字的；言語的；詞語的
【whilst】[hwailst][現主英國英語]=while
【unrelenting】/??nr??lent??/ (of an unpleasant situation 令人不快的局面) not stopping or becoming less severe 持續的；不緩和的；勢頭不減的 SYN relentless
最新的英國年度霸凌調查發現，22%的青年在2018年至2019年間遭受過霸凌(Ditch the Label雜志，2019)，其中15%的青年一周被霸凌數次。這包括言語霸凌、身體攻擊或網絡霸凌，有時三者兼具。2018年英格蘭和威爾士犯罪調查(CSEW)也報告了類似的數據，據估計，國際上有五分之一的學生受到校園霸凌的影響(Ttofi和Farrington, 2012)。霸凌會導致被霸凌者高度焦慮和抑郁，可悲的是，還會引起受霸凌者自殺。對于受欺負的人來說，校園的封鎖可能暫緩了他們在校園所受的殘酷傷害，但對一些人來說，網絡上的欺負行為仍在繼續。
What we think might happen in the COVID-19 pandemic
新冠疫情期間，我們認為可能發生的事情
Coughing assault
攻擊咳嗽的人
There are reports of Coronavirus coughing assaults during lockdown. This may now be used in incidents of school bullying and can have consequences for?perpetrators?since it may involve the police, as well as having possible life-threatening consequences for the victim, particularly if the victim has an?underlying?health condition.
封鎖期間，有一些關于新冠病毒咳嗽的攻擊的報道。現在這種做法可能會被用于校園霸凌事件中，并可能對施暴者造成后果。因為這可能涉及警察，尤其是，如果受害者有潛在的健康問題，也可能對受害者造成威脅生命的后果。
Online bullying
網絡霸凌
?
Bullying will have continued online during the lockdown for some children and young people and there is?anecdotal?evidence that levels of online bullying may have been higher than normal, because more time has been spent online. Furthermore, the usual school-based support has not been so?readily?available. There may therefore be an increase in mental health?referrals?by some victims during the school return period.
【anecdotal】/??n?k?d??tl/ adjective based on anecdotes and possibly not true or accurate 逸事的；趣聞的；傳聞的
【readily】/?red?li/ quickly and without difficulty 快捷地；輕而易舉地；便利地
【referral】/r??f??r?l/ [uncountable, countable] ~ (to sb/sth) the act of sending sb who needs professional help to a person or place that can provide it 送交，轉送（到能提供專門幫助的人或地方那里）
封鎖期間，對一些兒童和青年來說，網絡霸凌將繼續存在。據稱，網絡霸凌的程度可能比正常情況下要高，因為人們在網上花費了更多的時間。此外，常見的校園支持也不是那么容易得到。因此，在返校期間，一些受害者可能會增加心理健康方面的轉診。
Re-establishment of friendship groups
重建朋友圈
?
With the relaxation of lockdown, children and young people are starting to re-establish physical contact with friends and this will continue during the return to school period. This will inevitably be a mixed experience, with some groups re-establishing networks easily and new groups developing. After a break from school, a?settling?in period is normal; however, we are in?unprecedented?times. Some individuals will be excluded and some will want to re-establish their?dominance?over their peers; they may wish to?regain?control after feeling powerless during lockdown, and this may result in conflict. This may be a particular issue for Year 9 in secondary schools, where bullying is often more?prevalent?than in other school year groups.
【settle】/?setl/ [intransitive, transitive] to become or make sb/sth become calm or relaxed （使）平靜下來，安靜下來，定下心來
【unprecedented】/?n?pres?dent?d/ adj ectivethat has never happened, been done or been known before 前所未有的；空前的；沒有先例的
【dominant】/?d?m?n?nt/ more important, powerful or noticeable than other things 首要的；占支配地位的；占優勢的；顯著的 dominance /?d?m?n?ns/ noun
【regain】/r??ɡe?n/ ~ sth to get back sth you no longer have, especially an ability or a quality 重新獲得，恢復（能力或品質等）
【prevalent】['prev?l?nt] ADJ-GRADED 能被表示程度的副詞或介詞詞組修飾的形容詞流行的；盛行的；普遍的 A condition, practice, or belief that is prevalent is common.
隨著封鎖的放松，兒童和青年開始與朋友恢復肢體接觸，而且這將在返校期間繼續保持。不可避免地，這將是一種混雜的經歷，一些圈子很容易重新建立社交網絡，而新的圈子正在建立。休學后，有一個平靜時期是正常的;?然而，我們正處于前所未有的時代。有些人會被排除在外，而有些人會想要重新建立對同齡人的統治地位;?封鎖期間倍感無力后，他們可能希望重新獲得控制權，而這可能會導致沖突。這對于九年級的中學來說可能是一個特別的問題，因為在這個學年群體中，霸凌行為通常比其他學年更普遍。
?
Location of bullying
霸凌的場所
?
School bullying is usually unseen by school staff, although it is often seen by other pupils (bystanders). Staff will be more visible during the school return period, because of the need to?direct?the flow of pupils around school buildings to ensure that a social distance is kept between individuals, and this may reduce the?incidence?of bullying in some spaces. However, it is possible that this will lead to a?concentration?of physical bullying in spaces where there is no formal?surveillance, such as on school buses and the perimeters of school grounds.
【bystander】/?ba?st?nd?(r)/?a person who sees sth that is happening but is not involved 旁觀者 SYN onlooker ?
【direct】/d??rekt/ [transitive] ~ sb/sth to control or be in charge of sb/sth 管理；監督；指導
【incidence】/??ns?d?ns/ [countable, usually singular] ~ of sth (formal) the extent to which sth happens or has an effect 發生范圍；影響程度；發生率
【concentration】/?k?nsn?tre??n/ [countable] ~ (of sth) a lot of sth in one place 集中；聚集
【surveillance】/s???ve?l?ns/ [uncountable] the act of carefully watching a person suspected of a crime or a place where a crime may be committed （對犯罪嫌疑人或可能發生犯罪的地方的）監視 SYN observation
盡管校園霸凌經常被其他學生(旁觀者)看到，但通常學校的工作人員是看不到的。返校期間，工作人員將更加顯眼，因為他們需要監督教學樓周圍的學生流量，以確保個體間保持社交距離，這可能會在一些空間上減少霸凌的發生率。然而，這可能會導致暴力行為集中在沒有正式監管的地方，比如校車和校園周圍。
Bullying by victims of domestic abuse
由家庭暴力受害者實施的霸凌
The increased?vulnerability?of domestic?abuse?victims has been widely publicised during the lockdown, as well as the vulnerability of children and young people to online child sexual?exploitation. School bullying can sometimes be a response to such victimisation in other places or online and may increase in this?prolonged?period of school return.
【abuse】/??bju?s/ [uncountable, plural] unfair, cruel or violent treatment of sb 虐待
【exploitation】/?ekspl???te??n/ (disapproving) a situation in which sb treats sb else in an unfair way, especially in order to make money from their work 剝削；榨取
【prolong】/pr??l??/ ~ sth to make sth last longer 延長 SYN extend
家庭暴力受害者越來越容易受到傷害，兒童和青年也容易在網上遭受虐童行為的傷害，這一點封鎖期間被廣泛報道。校園霸凌有時是對在其他地方或網上的這種傷害的回應，可能會在延后返校期間增加。
Some ideas in response
以下是我的一些想法
?
Coughing assault
攻擊咳嗽的人
Teachers may want to emphasise that Covid-19 coughing assault is unacceptable, including clear?signage. Schools would be advised to plan in advance how they will?approach?such incidents and work with local police in dealing with it, for example when there are repeat offences. Schools may welcome?input?from local police representatives as they plan for whole school return in September.
【signage】/?sa?n?d?/ [uncountable] (specialist) signs, especially ones that give instructions or directions to the public （統稱）標志，標識，標記
【approach】/??pr??t?/?[transitive] ~ sth to start dealing with a problem, task, etc. in a particular way 著手處理；對付
【input】['input]?time, knowledge, ideas, etc. that you put into work, a project, etc. in order to make it succeed; the act of putting sth in 投入資源（指時間、知識、思想等）；投入；輸入。
老師們可能想要強調，包括明確的標識，針對新冠病毒咳嗽的攻擊是不可接受的。學校應提前計劃如何處理此類事件，并且，例如有累犯時，學校應與當地警方合作處理。隨著學校計劃在九月份集體復學，也可以歡迎當地警察代表提出建議。
Online bullying
網絡霸凌
Schools should be prepared for an increase in reports of online bullying which have occurred during lockdown, with particular planning around mental health support provision.
校園應該為封鎖期間發生的在線霸凌事件的增加做好準備，并針對心理健康支持提供特別計劃。
Re-establishment of friendship groups
重建朋友圈
?
It will be important for the return to school to help pupils re-establish friendship groups in a?pro-social?way, avoiding conflict. This will be particularly so for secondary schools and Year 8/9 groups. A focus on helping pupils engage with one another in an?emotionally intelligentway is important at this time and there are organisations in the UK which?deliver?excellent interventions in schools using this approach. Publicising whole-school behaviour policies at the outset will be helpful.
【pro-social】[pr?u's?u??l]adj.親社會的，忠實(或拘泥)于既定社會道德標準的
【emotionally intelligence】N-UNCOUNT 不可數名詞?情商（人際交往和溝通技巧） Emotional intelligence is used to refer to people's interpersonal and communication skills.
【deliver】VERB 動詞加，給予打擊，打，擊；發動(進攻) If someone delivers a blow to someone else, they hit them.
對于復學來說，幫助學生以一種避免沖突的親社會的方式重建朋友圈很重要。這對中學和八九年級的學生來說尤其重要。在這個時候，關注幫助學生以高情商的方式與他人互動是很重要的，英國有一些組織使用這種方法在校園進行了很好的干預。在一開始就宣傳全校的行為規范將會有幫助。
Location of bullying
霸凌的場所
Schools should?restate?their anti-bullying policies, particularly in schools where there is a specific bullying problem, and ensure that children and young people know the procedure for reporting incidents. If schools do not currently have a clear reporting and recording system, this is a good time to establish one. Giving thought to where physical bullying might concentrate might help to prevent victimisation in these spaces. Local police representatives may be able to advise. Many schools have sent information about online bullying to pupils and parents/carers during lockdown; they should consider re-sending this information?in anticipation of?a possible?surge?in bullying in other locations. Local authorities should attend to staff shortages on school buses, to ensure that this space is protected for the safety of the bus drivers and the children and young people.
【restate】/?ri??ste?t/?~ sth (formal) to say sth again or in a different way, especially so that it is more clearly or strongly expressed 重申；重新表述
【in anticipation of】期待著…；預計到…
【surge】/s??d?/ a sudden increase in the amount or number of sth; a large amount of sth （數量的）急劇上升，激增；大量；一大批~ (in sth)
學校應重申其反霸凌政策，特別是在存在特定霸凌問題的學校，并確保兒童和青年知道上報霸凌事件的流程。如果學校目前沒有一個明確的上報和記錄系統，這是建立一個良好的時機。考慮一下肢體霸凌可能集中的場所，可能有助于預防受害者在這些場所受到傷害。當地警察代表可能會提供建議。許多學校在封鎖期間向學生和家長/看護者發送了有關網絡霸凌的信息;他們應該考慮重新發送這一信息，以防其他地方的霸凌行為可能的激增。地方當局應該解決校車員工短缺的問題，確保這一空間得到保護，以保障校車司機、兒童和青年的安全。
Bullying by victims of domestic abuse
家庭暴力受害者的霸凌
Schools and the police will need to plan for an increase in reports of abuse at home and online. An increase in the?intensity?of bullying by an individual with previous bullying history may be a response to victimisation elsewhere in their life and the same may be the case for new perpetrators with no history of bullying behaviour.
學校和警察要為來自家庭和網絡虐待報告的增加做準備。之前有過被霸凌歷史的人實施霸凌強度的提高，可能是對他們生活中其他地方受霸凌的一種回應，同樣的情況也可能發生在沒有欺負行為史的新施暴者身上。
本文作者為利茲貝克特大學(Leeds Beckett University)犯罪學講師曼迪·肖(Mandy Shaw)博士由倫敦大學學院吉爾丹多研究所發行。
所有圖片、視頻源自網絡，侵刪。
以上詞匯解析來自
21世紀大英漢詞典》
《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第九版》
《柯林斯高階英漢雙解詞典》
