總結(jié)與感悟

APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF DELIBERATE PRACTICE

DP的應(yīng)用是有條件的，你學習的這個領(lǐng)域必須有已經(jīng)高度發(fā)展的可傳授的技能，然后你得有一個老師，他知道獲得特定技能的最佳訓練方法。

符合條件的領(lǐng)域很少，那么想在那些DP不嚴格適用的領(lǐng)域成為杰出人士應(yīng)該怎么做？作者接下來就此給出了回答：

“you can still use the principles of deliberate practice as a guide to developing the most effective sort of practice possible in your area.”

作者以digit-memory training為例，對于想成為數(shù)字記憶大師的人來說，although they may lack teachers to design their practice sessions,? they can learn from the best predecessors( the books or interviews，even the memory experts themselves.)

The basic blueprint for getting better in any pursuit: get as close to deliberate practice as you can.

How to get close？沒有優(yōu)秀的老師給你指導，那就自己來：

purposeful practice with a few extra steps:

1.identify the expert performers,

2. figure out what they do that makes them so good,

3. come up with training techniques that allow you to do it, too.”

How to determine who the experts are:

“use some objective measure to separate the best from the rest”

The best performers in an area with“rules-based, head-to-head competition or clear, objective measures of performance” are easy to identify，but others not.

作者用wine experts的例子告訴我們: 沒有客觀評價標準的某些領(lǐng)域，experts未必比其他人高明，“be careful when identifying expert performers.”

Just remember : subjective judgments are inherently vulnerable to all sorts of biases”就算沒有客觀標準，也要盡量避免主觀影響判斷，盡可能地貼近客觀評判。

具體怎么做:

“think carefully about what characterizes good performance，

come up with ways to measure that, even if there must be a certain amount of subjectivity in your measurement.

look for those people who score highest in the areas you believe are key to superior performance.

the ideal is to find objective, reproducible measures that consistently distinguish the best from the rest, and if that ideal is not possible, approximate it as well as you can.”

下一步:

figure out specifically what they do that separates them from other,? and what training methods helped them get there.

It's not easy, “part of the problem is the key role that mental representations play, and mental representations are not directly observable.”幸運的是，有時候你只需要找出experts的訓練方法和其他人有什么不同。

照著你找到的方法練，有進步就繼續(xù)，沒有就停下，換一個方法接著練。但是最好的辦法還是找一個可以幫助你的老師，事半功倍。

A knowledgeable instructor can lead you to develop a good foundation and then gradually build on that foundation to create the skills expected in that field and can give you valuable feedback you couldn't? get any other way.

NO, THE TEN-THOUSAND-HOUR RULE ISN’T REALLY A RULE

一萬小時定律是錯誤的，他不過是Gladwell根據(jù)Ericsson的研究結(jié)果進一步推斷出來的，Ericsson給出了數(shù)個一萬小時定律不成立的理由。但是有一點沒錯，那就是to become a master needs a tremendous amount of practice ，前面章節(jié)都講過了，就不多說了。

這個所謂的一萬小時你真的理解為一萬小時就太天真了，它只是長時間大量練習的代名詞，是你成為某個領(lǐng)域expert的必要不充分條件。

這章最后看得我有點激動，人類的潛能畢竟是無限的，我們在探索自我的同時也在成長。想想幾十年前奧運會各項比賽，再看看現(xiàn)在的奧運會，以前的人一定想象不到人類已經(jīng)突破了這么多次“極限”。

WORD AND EXPRESSION

But not to worry—even if your field is one in which deliberate practice

in the strictest sense

is not possible

in the strict sense 嚴格說來

?It wasn't illegal in the strict sense (of the word).

? 嚴格說來,這不算違法。

仿：He is not a teacher in the strictest sense.

it was clear to me that his method was similar to Steve’s in

spirit

but quite different—and much more carefully designed—in its details

spirit

[sing.] the typical or most important quality or mood of sth

? 本質(zhì)；精髓；基本精神:

?The exhibition captures the spirit of the age / times.

? 這個展覽會抓住了時代精神。

仿：He read the book with full attention to capture the spirit of it.

“This is a

latter-day

version of “the memory palace” that people havE usEd sIncE The timE OF the ancient Greeks TO rEmemBER LargE AMOunts of information.”

latter-day

adj. [only before noun]

? being a modern version of a person or thing in the past

? (舊時的人或物的)現(xiàn)代翻版的:

?a latter-day Robin Hood

? 當代的羅賓漢

The ship is the latter-day Noah.

“Feng is enlisting his long-term memory”

enlist

verb

1. ~ sth / sb (in sth) | ~ sb (as sth) to persuade sb to help you or to join you in doing sth

? 爭取,謀取(幫助、支持或參與):

?They hoped to enlist the help of the public in solving the crime.

? 他們希望尋求公眾協(xié)助破案。

仿:We enlisted the help of the consultant.

“In practice this often

boils down to

purposeful practice with a few extra steps”

If you say that a situation or problem boils down to a particular thing or can be boiled down to a particular thing, you mean that this is the most important or the most basic aspect of it.歸結(jié)為

?For Malcolm work could always be boiled down to one idea: being good in business.

=amount to

仿:it simply boils down to a question of to be or not to be.