定語、同位語、表語、狀語、補(bǔ)語、謂語

主語是句子敘述的主體，可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語從句等來承擔(dān)。

謂語說明主語所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。謂語由動(dòng)詞來承擔(dān)。

賓語是動(dòng)作的對象或承受者，常位于及物動(dòng)詞或介詞后面。賓語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、賓語從句等來擔(dān)任。

主語和謂語是英語句子的兩大成分，除少數(shù)句子(如祈使句和感嘆句等)外，一句話必須同時(shí)具有主語和謂語所表達(dá)的意思才能完整。主語是針對謂語而言的，是一句話的主題，謂語用來說明主語的情況，為主語提供信息。例如:They are working.主語是they(他們)，那么他們在做什么呢?看來沒有謂語are working 是不行的。在正常情況下，英語的主語和謂語的位置與漢語一致，也就是說主語在前，謂語緊跟其后。那么，哪些詞語可以做主語，謂語，何時(shí)主謂倒置，主語與謂語的一致情況如何，我將一一講述。

一、哪些詞可以充當(dāng)主語

1、名詞

例如: A mooncake is a delicious, round cake. The first truck is carrying a few baskets.

The temperature will stay above zero. ? ?

The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully.

China does not want to copy the USA’s example.

2、代詞

例如: It’s a young forest.

I don’t know if it will grow.

That’s a bit expensive.

You’d better buy a new pair.

I’m afraid we haven’t got any black shoes.

3、數(shù)詞

例如:One and two is three.

One is not enough for me. I want one more.

One of them is English.

Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck.

Two will be enough.

4、不定式 (常以 It’s adj. to do sth. 形式出現(xiàn))

例如: To give is better than to receive =Its better to give.

I found it difficult to get to sleep.

It’s glad to see you again.

It was difficult to see.

But it’s good to swim in summer.

5、IT 作主語，有如下情況:

1)指代剛剛提到的事物:What’s this ? It’s a bus. (指代what)

2)指代一個(gè)你不知道或判斷不清性別的人:Who’s knocking the door? It’s me. (指代 who)

Who’s the baby in the picture? It’s my sister. (指代 who)

3) 表示時(shí)間，天氣，距離:

What’s the time? It’s eight o’clock. (時(shí)間)

What’s it going to be tomorrow? It’s going to be rainy.(天氣)

How far is it? It’s about one kilometre away. (距離)

6、 THERE 引起的There be 句型中，be 作謂語，主語位居其后。如:

There are many different kinds of mooncakes.

There will be a strong wind.

二、謂語

謂語有動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，依據(jù)其在句中繁簡程度可把謂語分為簡單謂語和復(fù)合謂語兩類。不論何種時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，語氣，凡由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞(或動(dòng)詞詞組)構(gòu)成的謂語都是簡單謂語。例如:

I like walking.(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài))

I made your birthday cake last night. (一般過去時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài))

It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài))

復(fù)合謂語也可分為兩種情況:

第一種是由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞+不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語:

What does this word mean?

I won’t do it again.

I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.

You’d better catch a bus.

第二種是由連系動(dòng)詞+表語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語。例如:

You look the same.

We are all here.

The weather gets wamer, and the days get longer.

Keep quite and listen to me.

He looked worried.

We have to be up early in the moming.

Is Bill in?

School Is over. Let’s go home.

My pen is in my bag.

I feel terrible.

I* fell tried all the time.

He seemed rather tired last night.

連系動(dòng)詞和表語在意思上緊密聯(lián)系，不宜分割;有關(guān)動(dòng)詞的種類這方面知識(shí)在課本中已有介紹，此處不多說了。

三、主語與謂語的一致

英語句子的主語和謂語的一致性，是英漢兩種語言的區(qū)別之一。具體說來有如下特征:

1、 謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)與主語保持一致。如:

Now the teacher comes into the classroom.

本句屬一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語the teacher 為第三人稱單數(shù)，因而謂語動(dòng)詞come 應(yīng)加s.

One morming she was working at her desk in the library wher a boy came in. 本句屬主從復(fù)合句，主句用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，從句為一般過去時(shí);主句中主語she為第三人稱單數(shù)，所以謂語為 was working.

1) 主語含有 and 時(shí)，如表示一個(gè)單一的概念，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)(特別是當(dāng)and 連接的是兩個(gè)不可數(shù)名詞時(shí))，否則用復(fù)數(shù)。如:

One and three is four. And 前后均為數(shù)字，表示同一個(gè)概念，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用is.

Tea and milk is my favourite drink. 本題中tea and milk 指一種飲料，故謂語用is。

Tom and Li Lei are my best friends. Tom 和 Li lei 是完全不同的兩個(gè)人，有不同的特征，因而謂語是are。

2) 主語為動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)，其謂語常用單數(shù)形式。如:

To give is better than to receive.

It was difficult to see.

It’s best to wear cool clothes.

同樣，動(dòng)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞也為單數(shù)。初中階段只學(xué)了一句:

It (playing) is much better than having classes.

3) 不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞視為單數(shù)。如:

The best time to come to China is autumn.

The weather in England never gets too hot.

4) 在姓的復(fù)數(shù)前加the 表示一家人，謂語動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如:

What time do the Reads have breakfast? 主語是the Reads, 表示里得一家人，謂語動(dòng)詞用do….have.

5) 表示時(shí)間的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，常作整體看待，其謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)形式。如:

Two months is quite a long time.

6) “幾加幾等于幾”的算式中，謂語動(dòng)詞常為單數(shù)。如:

Twenty and forty is sixty.

主 謂

7) 某些表示學(xué)科的名詞作主語，無論其結(jié)尾是什么，謂語動(dòng)詞都視為單數(shù)。如:

Maths is my favourite subject.

主 謂

8) each 以及由some,any,no,every 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)。如:

There’s something wrong with my ears!

謂 主

Everyone is going into class.

主 謂

9) what,who which 等詞做主語，謂語動(dòng)詞形式視意思而定。如:

What is this?(this 為單數(shù)，用is)

What are these? (these 為復(fù)數(shù)，用are )

Which is your friend? 哪一個(gè)人是你的朋友?

Which are your friends? 哪些人是你的朋友?

10) None 作主語，其謂語可以是單數(shù)，也可以是復(fù)數(shù)，此項(xiàng)目并非初中階段重點(diǎn)，故此不談。

11) People,Chinese, Japanese 作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如:

There are four people in my family.

謂 主

The chinese people are very friendly.

12) population 作主語，指“人口”時(shí)，謂語為單數(shù);其前有表示數(shù)量的修飾語時(shí)，謂語為復(fù)數(shù);課本第三冊只要求掌握作“人口”講時(shí)謂語的情況:

What’s the population of Germany?

謂 主

What was the population of the world in 1950?

謂 主

Half of the population of China are women.

修飾語 主 謂

2、由 either …or 或neither …nor 連接的兩個(gè)并列成分作主語，其謂語動(dòng)詞形式與后一個(gè)主語保持一致。如:Either Lily or Lucy is going to come.(Lily和Lucy 誰去都行。后一個(gè)主語Lucy 為第三人稱單數(shù)，謂語用is going to come.)

Either I or he does well in English. 我和他的英語都不錯(cuò)。

Neither I nor she likes swimming. 我和她都不喜歡游泳。

由these 和here 引出的含有不只一個(gè)主語的句子，其謂語動(dòng)詞形式由最靠近謂語的主語形式?jīng)Q定。如:

These is a pen, two rulers and three books on the desk.

Here are some cups,a glass and some pears on

句子的成分:

構(gòu)成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分為主語,謂語,賓語,表語,定語,狀語,同位語。它們可以由單詞來擔(dān)任,也可以由詞組,以及句子來擔(dān)任。

主語

主語是一個(gè)句子中所要表達(dá),描述的人或物，是句子的主體。

I work here.

我在這兒工作。

She is an ewteacher.

她是一個(gè)新教師。

He is in chargeofalimited company.

他主管一家有限公司。

主語可以由名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,動(dòng)詞不定式,動(dòng)名詞,名詞化形容詞,分詞,從句,短語等來擔(dān)任。

The book ison the desk. 書在桌子上。

I get an idea. 我有一個(gè)主意。

Two and two are four. 二加二等于四。

Smoking is bad to health. 吸煙對身體有害。

The wounded has been taken to the hospital. 傷員已經(jīng)送到醫(yī)院。

When to begin is not known yet. 什么時(shí)間開始還不知道。

What I know is important. 我所知道的很重要。

謂語謂語是用來說明主語做了什么動(dòng)作或處在什么狀態(tài)。謂語可以由動(dòng)詞來擔(dān)任,一般放在主語的后面。

The child has been brough tup by hismother. 這孩子是由他的媽媽帶大的。

We don't know him very well. 我們不太了解他。

She speaks English fluently. 她英語講得很流利。

表語表語是用來說明主語的性質(zhì),身份,特征和狀態(tài)。表語須和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復(fù)合謂語。表語一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后。表語可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語擔(dān)任。

These desks are yellow. 這些桌子是黃色的。

I am all right. 我沒事。

We are happy now. 我們現(xiàn)在很幸福。

It's over. 時(shí)間到了。

She is ten. 她十歲了。

My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教英語。

The dictionary is in the bag. 詞典在書包里邊。

My question is how you knew him. 我的問題是你如何認(rèn)識(shí)他的。

賓語

賓語是謂語動(dòng)作所涉及的對象,它是動(dòng)作的承受者,賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的成分擔(dān)任，賓語一般放在謂語動(dòng)詞后面。

I saw a cat in the tree. 我看見樹上有一只貓。

I want to go shopping. 我想去買東西。

He said he could be here. 他說他會(huì)來的。

We think you are right. 我們認(rèn)你是對的。

有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,其中一個(gè)賓語多指人,另一個(gè)賓語指物,指人的賓語叫做間接賓語,指物的賓語叫做直接賓語,可以帶兩個(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)直接賓語可把直接賓語放在間接賓語的前面, 但間接賓語前須加"to"。

My father bought me a book. 我父親給我買了一本書。

Give the rubber to me. 把橡皮給我。

Please give the letter to XiaoLi. 請把這封信給小李。

有些及物動(dòng)詞除跟一個(gè)賓語外，還需要加上賓語補(bǔ)足語,否則意思不完整,它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,復(fù)合賓語中賓語和后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，這也是判斷是兩個(gè)賓語還是復(fù)合賓語的依據(jù),賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的詞擔(dān)任。

We al lcall him LaoWang. 我們都叫他老王。

Please color it red. 請給它涂上紅顏色。

We found the little girl in the hill. 我們在山上找到了小女孩。

定語用于描述名詞,代詞,短語或從句的性質(zhì),特征范圍等情況的詞叫做定語,定語可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語擔(dān)任。如果定語是單個(gè)詞,定語放在被修飾詞的前面,如果是詞組,定語放在被修飾詞的后面。

That is a beautiful flower. 那是一朵漂亮的花。

The TV set made in that factory is very good. 那個(gè)工廠生產(chǎn)的電視機(jī)很好。

This is my book,not your book. 這是我的書,不是你的書。

There are more than twentytrees in our school. 我們學(xué)校里有二十多棵樹。

I have a lot of things to do. 我有好多要做的事情。

Our country is a developing country. 我們的國家是一個(gè)發(fā)展中的國家。

狀語:說明事物發(fā)生的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,目的,結(jié)果方式,條件或伴隨情況,程度等情況的詞叫狀語。狀語可以由副詞,短語以及從句來擔(dān)任。