一 words and expressions

1. After their internships and residencies, some doctors get a fellowship to continue on with even more specialized training, but that is the end of their official supervised training.

residency：a period of time when a doctor receives special training in a particular type of medicine, especially at a hospital專科住院醫生實習期

fellowship：the position of a?fellow(= high-ranking teacher at a college)（學院或大學的）研究員職位

2. Once new doctors have reached this stage, they go to work as full-fledged physicians with the assumption that they’ve developed all the skills they need to treat patients effectively.

full-fledged：completely developed, trained, or established 全面發展的; 經過全面訓練的; 成熟的

?After seven years of training she's now a fully-fledged doctor.她經過七年的培訓，現在已是個完全合格的醫生。

造句：A fully-fledged ability to communicate with language relies on many separate processes working together within us.

3. If years of practice make physicians better, then the quality of care they give should increase as they amass more experience.

amass：if you amass money, knowledge, information etc, you gradually collect a large amount of it 積聚，積累，大量收集:

?For 25 years, Darwin amassed evidence to support his theories.

造句：The people amassed for the parade.

4. Army has spent a considerable amount of time and effort figuring out the best way to teach what it calls “adaptive thinking” to its officers

considerable:fairly large, especially large enough to have an effect or be important相當大的〔尤指大到足以產生某種影響的程度〕;

considerate:always thinking of what other people need or want and being careful not to upset them關切的，體貼的; 替他人著想的

considered:a considered opinion, reply, judgment etc is one that you have thought about carefully經仔細考慮的，細想過的

造句：There was considerable diversity in the style of the reports.

二 thoughts

知識與技能的區別

傳統的方法是先找出關于正確方法的信息，然后讓學生運用那些信息。刻意練習則只聚集于績效和表現，以及怎樣提高績效和表現。

就拿我們的高等教育舉例，大部分的課時都像中學時期一樣，坐在教室里，聽老師講著枯燥的理論。最令人費解的是，許多偏重應用的學科都沒有多少實踐學識。大家肯定會質疑：我們大三大四不是有很多實習嗎？可這并不是刻意練習，刻意練習推崇的是在學習理論后能立馬有模擬的方式進行練習并且得到練習的反饋。并且現在那些稱為實踐學時或實習其實更多的是做一些瑣碎的后勤工作，并沒有做到有目的的練習。

就像我的專業，聲稱有三分之一的學時，好多課都是由理論學識和實踐學時構成。比如說一門課在前兩個月上理論，后兩個月的課去一些地方實習。可這有一些問題：首先理論和實踐的相隔跨度太大，不符合刻意練習的及時反饋的特點；其次，實習多是一些見習，也就是只能看，很少有動手的機會。