Gut Microbiome: The Peacekeepers
我們改變不了遺傳屬性(身高,長相),但我們可以通過后天環境來改變我們的健康
我們的飲食習慣,生活環境塑造了我們體內有哪些微生物
微生物又反過來決定了我們的免疫能力和健康狀況?
在生態系統科學中,“關鍵物種”在塑造更大的生態系統中具有巨大的意義
他們似乎占據特殊的生態位。類似于咽喉要害之高地
內部微生物生態系統中,關鍵物種往往數量不多,然而維和微生物數量巨大。
有點“將少而精,兵多而強”的意思
我們往往通過不健康的飲食習慣培養了大量的有害細菌“貪官污吏”
而我們拒絕的那些膳食纖維,有益細菌愛吃的食物導致大量清官忠臣流失
我們的身體如何能變得健康呢?
世界萬物都處在一個平衡狀態,我們應該正視這種平衡,敬畏這種平衡
腸道微生物群落的研究已經從描述核心物種轉移到鑒定不同微生物所起的核心生態功能,許多潛在的物種都可能實現給定的功能。這就產生了另一個概念,即“基本關系”纖維和代謝纖維的菌之間的互作關系是所有腸道生物存在的基本條件。這或許是微生物和人類之間的共生協議
微生物塑造了我們,還是我們塑造了微生物群落?
免疫系統的功能之一就是培育或者栽培友善的微生物,我們依靠他們來保持自己的健康。這種栽培是雙向的,我們體內的微生物居民面通過塑造我們來控制我們的免疫功能
Our microbes eat what we eat. Moreover, our particular surroundings may seed us with unique microbes, “localizing” our microbiota
我們吃什么,微生物就吃什么。我們所處的環境會給我們接種特殊的微生物,使我們的微生物具有因人而異的群落特征
In ecosystem science, “keystone species” have an outsize role in shaping the greater ecosystem.
When animal life exploded some 800 million years ago, microbes had already existed on Earth for maybe three billion years. A major innovation in animal evolution was the gut—a tube that takes nutrients in one end and expels waste from the other. It is even possible, argues Margaret McFall-Ngai, a microbiologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, that microbes drove the evolution of the gut directly. Plants only succeeded in colonizing land when they had developed relationships with microbes that helped them extract vital nutrients from soil. Perhaps one evolutionary innovation of animals was to scoop up the microbial communities necessary for survival and to take them along for the ride, achieving mobility.
8億年前動物大爆發時候,微生物已經在地球上存在了30億年了。動物主要的進化就是腸道——一個可以從一段吸收營養從另一端排除廢物的管狀物。Wisconsin–Madison大學的微生物學家Margaret 講到,微生物直接驅動了腸道的進化。
植物只有與微生物發展合作關系來幫助自己從土壤中提取營養物質才成功征服了土地。或許,一個動物進化上的創新就是吸收了對生存至關重要的微生物群落才實現了移動能力以及空前的繁榮。
我們人類呢?能離開微生物嗎?我們的健康,我們的智力,甚至我們自己或許都是由微生物決定的!說不好,那就是上帝呢!
The field of gut microbiome research has already moved from the idea of describing the core species to identifying the core ecological functions various microbes perform. Many potential species may fulfill any given role. Now another concept may be emerging, which might be called the keystone relationship. “The interaction between fiber and microbes that consume it,” Sonnenburg says, “is the fundamental keystone interaction that everything else is built on in the gut.” It may lie at the heart of the symbiotic pact between microbes and humans.