一起翻譯一本書，公眾號“追隨己心”將帶領大家一起翻譯《Beyond Feelings: A Guide to Critical Thinking》，將學習了多年的英語真正用起來，體會原版書籍和英文的美。

Critical Thinking Defined

批判性思維定義

Let’s begin by making the important distinction between thinking andfeeling. I feel and I think are sometimes used interchangeably, but thatpractice causes confusion. Feeling is a subjective response that reflectsemotion, sentiment, or desire; it generally occurs spontaneously ratherthan through a conscious mental act. We don’t have to employ our mindsto feel angry when we are insulted, afraid when we are threatened, orcompassionate when we see a picture of a starving child. The feelingsarise automatically.

讓我們開始勾勒出思想和情感的重要的區(qū)分。我認為有時可以互換使用，但這種做法會造成混亂。情感是反映情緒、情感或心愿的主觀反應；它通常是自然地出現(xiàn)，而不是通過有意識的心理行動。受到侮辱時我們會憤怒、受到威脅時我們會害怕、看到饑餓孩子照片時我們會同情，這些都不用我們?nèi)タ刂拼竽X完成。感情會自動產(chǎn)生。

distinction [d?'st??(k)?(?)n] n.區(qū)別；差別；特性；榮譽、勛章

feeling ?['fi?l??] n.感覺，觸覺；感情，情緒；同情adj.有感覺的；有同情心的；富于感情的v.感覺；認為（feel的現(xiàn)在分詞）；觸摸

interchangeably [?nt?'t?end??bli adv. [數(shù)]可交換地

practice ['pr?kt?s] n.實踐；練習；慣例vi.練習；實習；實行vt.練習；實習；實行

subjective [s?b'd?ekt?v] adj.主觀的；個人的；自覺的

emotion [?'m???(?)n] n.情感；情緒

sentiment ['sent?m(?)nt] n.感情，情緒；情操；觀點；多愁善感

desire [d?'za??] n.欲望；要求，心愿；性欲vt.想要；要求；希望得到…vi.渴望n. (Desire)人名；(剛(布)、英)德西雷

Critical['kr?t?k(?)l]adj.鑒定的；[核]臨界的；批評的，愛挑剔的；危險的；決定性的；評論的

occur [?'k??] vi.發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；存在

occurs v.重現(xiàn)（occur的第三人稱單數(shù)）

Spontaneously[sp?n'te?n??sl?] adv.自發(fā)地；自然地；不由自主地

conscious ['k?n??s] adj.意識到的；故意的；神志清醒的

insulted ?[?n's?lt] vt.侮辱；辱罵；損害n.侮辱；凌辱；無禮

compassionate [k?m'p??(?)n?t] adj.慈悲的；富于同情心的vt.同情；憐

Feeling is useful in directing our attention to matters we should think about; it also can provide the enthusiasm and commitment necessary to complete arduous mental tasks. However, feeling is never a good substitute for thinking because it is notoriously unreliable. Some feelings are beneficial, honorable, even noble; others are not, as everyday experience demonstrates. We often feel like doing things that will harm us—for example, smoking, sunbathing without sunscreen, telling off our professor or employer, or spending the rent money on lottery tickets.

情感有助于引導我們注意我們應該思考的事情；它也可以提供完成艱苦的心理任務所需的熱情和承諾。然而，情感從來不是一個好的替代思想，因為它是眾所周知的不可靠。有些情感是有益的，光榮的，甚至高尚的; 其它則不然，因為日常經(jīng)驗表明。我們經(jīng)常喜歡做那些會傷害我們的事情，例如吸煙，沒有防曬霜的日光浴，罵我們的老師或老板，或者把房租錢花在彩票上。

enthusiasm [?n'θju?z??z(?)m; en-] n.熱心，熱忱，熱情

commitment [k?'m?tm(?)nt] n.承諾，保證；委托；承擔義務；獻身

arduous ?['ɑ?dj??s] adj.努力的；費力的；險峻的

substitute ?['s?bst?tju?t] n.代用品；代替者vi.替代vt.代替

notoriously ?[no?t??ri?sli] adv.眾所周知地；聲名狼藉地；惡名昭彰地

unreliable ?[?nr?'la??b(?)l] adj.不可靠的；靠不住的

beneficial [ben?'f??(?)l] adj.有益的，有利的；可享利益的

honorable ['?n?r?bl] adj.光榮的；可敬的；高貴的

demonstrate ['dem?nstre?t] vt.證明；展示；論證vi.示威

telling off vt.責備；分派出；向...透露

the rent money房租錢

Zinedine Zidane was one of the greatest soccer players of his generation, and many experts believed that in his final season (2006) he would lead France to the pinnacle of soccer success—winning the coveted World Cup. But then, toward the end of the championship game against Italy, he viciously head-butted an Italian player in full view of hundreds of millions of people. The referee banished him from the field, France lost the match, and a single surrender to feeling forever stained the brilliant career Zidane had dedicated his life to building.

齊內(nèi)丁·齊達內(nèi)是他這一代最偉大的足球運動員之一，許多專家認為，在他的最后一個賽季（2006年），他將帶領法國走到足球成功的巔峰--贏得夢寐以求的世界杯。但是，在與意大利的冠軍賽爭奪戰(zhàn)中，在億萬觀眾眼前，他惡意地用頭撞了一個意大利球員。裁判將他罰下球場，法國輸了比賽，和一次服從情感敗壞了齊達內(nèi)為之一生為之奮斗的足球生涯。

generation ?[d?en?'re??(?)n] n.一代；產(chǎn)生；一代人；生殖

pinnacle ['p?n?k(?)l] n.高峰；小尖塔；尖峰；極點vt.造小尖塔；置于尖頂上；置于高處

coveted ?['k?vitid] adj.垂涎的；夢寐以求的v.垂涎；渴望（covet的過去分詞形式）；貪圖

championship ['t??mp??n??p] n.錦標賽；冠軍稱號；冠軍的地位

viciously ['v???sli] adv.邪惡地；敵意地

in full view of把…盡收眼底；完全在…的視野之內(nèi)

head-butted用頭撞人（head-butt的過去式和過去分詞 ）

referee [ref?'ri?] n.裁判員；調(diào)解人；介紹人vi.仲裁；擔任裁判vt.為…當裁判；調(diào)停

banished ['b?n??] v.驅(qū)逐，流放（banish的過去分詞形式）

field [fi?ld] n.領域；牧場；曠野；戰(zhàn)場；運動場vi.擔任場外隊員adj.掃描場；田賽的；野生的vt.把暴曬于場上；使上場n. (Field)人名；(英、法、德、葡)菲爾德

surrender [s?'rend?] vt.使投降；放棄；交出；聽任vi.投降；屈服；自首n.投降；放棄；交出；屈服

stained [ste?nd] adj.玷污的；著色的v.玷污；敗壞；給…染色（stain的過去式和過去分詞）

brilliant ?['br?lj(?)nt] adj.燦爛的，閃耀的；杰出的；有才氣的；精彩的，絕妙的

career [k?'r??] n.生涯；職業(yè)；事業(yè)；速度，全速adj.作為畢生職業(yè)的vi.全速前進，猛沖

dedicated ['ded?ke?t?d] adj.專用的；專注的；獻身的v.以…奉獻；把…用于（dedicate的過去式和過去分詞）

surrender [s?'rend?] vt.使投降；放棄；交出；聽任vi.投降；屈服；自首n.投降；放棄；交出；屈服

There are three broad categories of thinking: reflective, creative, and critical. The focus of this book is on critical thinking. The essence of critical thinking is evaluation. Critical thinking, therefore, may be defined as the process by which we test claims and arguments and determine which have merit and which do not. In other words, critical thinking is a search for answers, a quest. Not surprisingly, one of the most important techniques used in critical thinking is asking probing questions. Where the uncritical accept their first thoughts and other people’s statements at face value, critical thinkers challenge all ideas in this manner:

思維有三大類：反思，創(chuàng)造和批判。這本書的重點是批判性思維。批判性思維的本質(zhì)是評價。 因此，批判性思維可以被定義為我們主張、論證以及確定哪些值得去做，哪些不值得去做。換句話說，批判性思維是尋找答案，尋找問題。毫不奇怪，批判性思維中使用的最重要的技術(shù)之一是提探索性問題。當無批判性思維的人接受他們的第一想法和其他人表面陳述，批判性思維人以這種方式挑戰(zhàn)所有的想法：

broad [br??d] adj.寬的，遼闊的；顯著的；大概的n.寬闊部分adv.寬闊地n. (Broad)人名；(英、德)布羅德

categories ['k?t?g(?)r?z] n.類別（category的復數(shù)）；分類

reflective [r?'flekt?v] adj.反射的；反映的；沉思的

creative [kri?'e?t?v] adj.創(chuàng)造性的

critical ['kr?t?k(?)l] adj.鑒定的；[核]臨界的；批評的，愛挑剔的；危險的；決定性的；評論的

focus ['f??k?s] n.焦點；中心；清晰；焦距vt.使集中；使聚焦vi.集中；聚焦；調(diào)節(jié)焦距n. (Focus)人名；(瑞典)福庫斯

essence ['es(?)ns] n.本質(zhì)，實質(zhì)；精華；香精n. (Essence)人名；(英)埃森絲

evaluation [??v?lju?e??n] n.評價；[審計]評估；估價；求值

therefore ['ee?f??] adv.因此；所以

process ['pr??ses] vt.處理；加工n.過程，進行；方法，步驟；作用；程序；推移vi.列隊前進adj.經(jīng)過特殊加工（或處理）的

claims [klem] n.要求，請求權(quán)；[貿(mào)易]索賠（claim的復數(shù)形式）；債權(quán)；[法]權(quán)利要求v.要求；主張（claim的第三人稱單數(shù)形式）

arguments ['ɑ?gj?m(?)nts] n.參數(shù)

argument ['ɑ?gj?m(?)nt] n.論證；論據(jù)；爭吵；內(nèi)容提要

determine ?[d?'t??m?n] v.（使）下決心，（使）做出決定vt.決定，確定；判定，判決；限定vi.確定；決定；判決，終止；[主用于法律]了結(jié)，終止，結(jié)束

merit ['mer?t] n.優(yōu)點，價值；功績；功過vt.值得vi.應受報答

techniques [tek?ni:ks] n.技術(shù)（technique的復數(shù)）；方法；技巧

probing ?['pr??b??] adj.好探索的；深入銳利的n.探索；探查v.探索（probe的ing形式）

uncritical [?n'kr?t?k(?)l] adj.無批判力的；不加批判的；不嚴厲的

face value面值，票面價值；表面價值

Thought

Professor Vile cheated me in my composition grade. He weighted some themes more heavily than others. Before women entered the work force, there were fewer divorces. That shows that a woman’s place is in the home. Acollege education isn’t worth what you pay for it. Some people never reach a salary level appreciably higher than the level they would have reached without the degree.

思想

瓦伊爾教授在我的作文成績中欺騙了我。他把一些主題的權(quán)重比別人更重。在婦女進入勞動大軍之前，離婚較少。這表明一個女人的位置就是家庭主婦。大學教育不值你付的學費。有些人從來沒有達到明顯高于沒有學位的工資。

composition [k?mp?'z??(?)n] n.作文，作曲，作品；[材]構(gòu)成；合成物；成分

grade [gre?d] n.年級；等級；成績；級別；階段vt.評分；把…分等級vi.分等級；逐漸變化n. (Grade)人名；(英)格雷德；(法、德、西、葡、塞、瑞典)格拉德

work force n.勞動力，勞動大軍；勞動人口；（工廠等在職的）工人總數(shù)；職工總數(shù)

themes [θi?mz] n.主題（theme的復數(shù)）；布景主題；桌面主題

divorce [d?'v??s] vt.使離婚，使分離；與…離婚n.離婚；分離vi.離婚

appreciably [?'pri??(?)?bl?] adv.明顯地；相當?shù)兀豢刹煊X地

Question

Did he grade everyone on the?same standard? Were the different?weightings justified??How do you know that this?factor, and not some other?one(s), is responsible for the?increase in divorces??Is money the only measure of?the worth of an education??What about increased understanding?of self and life and?increased ability to cope with?challenges?

問題

他是否按同一標準給所有人評分？不同的權(quán)重是否公平？你怎么知道這個因素，而不是其它一些因數(shù)，導致離婚的增加？金錢是教育價值的唯一衡量標準嗎？如何增進對自我和生活的理解，增加應對挑戰(zhàn)的能力？

grade[gre?d] n.年級；等級；成績；級別；階段vt.評分；把…分等級vi.分等級；逐漸變化n. (Grade)人名；(英)格雷德；(法、德、西、葡、塞、瑞典)格拉德

responsible[r?'sp?ns?b(?)l] adj.負責的，可靠的；有責任的

cope[k??p] vi.處理；對付；競爭n.長袍n. (Cope)人名；(英)科普；(西)科佩

Critical thinking also employs questions to analyze issues. Consider, for example, the subject of values. When it is being discussed, some people say, “Our country has lost its traditional values” and “There would be less crime, especially violent crime, if parents and teachers emphasized moral values.” Critical thinking would prompt us to ask,

批判性思維也采用問題來分析問題。例如，考慮價值觀的主題，在討論時，有人說：“我們的國家已經(jīng)失去了它的傳統(tǒng)價值觀”，“如果父母和老師強調(diào)道德價值觀，犯罪率就會減少，特別是暴力犯罪”。批判性思維會促使我們問，

employs [?m'pl??; em-] vt.使用，采用；雇用；使忙于，使從事于n.使用；雇用

analyze ['?n?,la?z] vt.對…進行分析，分解（等于analyse）

traditional [tr?'d??(?)n(?)l] adj.傳統(tǒng)的；慣例的

emphasized ?['?mf?,sa?z] v.強調(diào)，著重（emphasize的過去式）

moral ['m?r(?)l] adj.道德的；精神上的；品性端正的n.道德；寓意n. (Moral)人名；(德、法、西、葡、土)莫拉爾

prompt [pr?m(p)t] adj.敏捷的，迅速的；立刻的vt.提示；促進；激起；（給演員）提白n.提示；付款期限；DOS命令：改變DOS系統(tǒng)提示符的風格adv.準時地

1.What is the relationship between values and beliefs? Between values and convictions?

1.價值觀與信仰之間的關系是什么？ 價值觀和信念之間？

Conviction [k?n'v?k?(?)n] n.定罪；確信；證明有罪；確信，堅定的信仰

2.Are all values valuable?

所有值有價值嗎？

3.How aware is the average person of his or her values? Is it possible that many people deceive themselves about their real values?

一個普通人如何知道他或她的價值觀？是否有可能許多人在自己的真正價值觀上欺騙自己？

How aware如何知道

Average '?v(?)r?d?] n.平均；平均數(shù)；海損adj.平均的；普通的；通常的vt.算出…的平均數(shù)；將…平均分配；使…平衡vi.平均為；呈中間色

deceive [d?'si?v] v.欺騙；行騙

4.Where do one’s values originate? Within the individual or outside? In thought or in feeling?

4.人的價值在源自那里？在個人還是外部？在思想還是情感？

originate [?'r?d??ne?t; ?-] vt.引起；創(chuàng)作vi.發(fā)源；發(fā)生；起航

5.Does education change a person’s values? If so, is this change always for the better?

教育改變一個人的價值觀？如果是這樣，這種變化總是更好嗎？

6.Should parents and teachers attempt to shape children’s values?

6.父母和老師是否試圖塑造兒童的價值觀？

記：通過批判性思維方法可以形成思考行為步驟、達到思考的目的。圍繞問題進行探索性問題，提問圍繞問題，思考圍繞問題。思維導圖工具就是其中很好的應用。