Why The U.S. Dropped A Nuclear Bomb On Japan
美國為什么用核武器轟炸日本?
1945年8月,美國在日本投下兩顆原子彈,135000人遇難,大部分是平民。
原子彈爆炸的破壞力和核輻射給幸存者和他們的孩子帶來了致命的健康問題,以及摧毀了平民社區。
美國對日本使用核武器,這到底是為什么呢?
在轟炸日本的前幾年,第二次世界大戰全面展開。
一邊是同盟國,包括美國、英國、以及大多數歐洲國家。
另外一邊是軸心國,由德國、意大利和日本組成。
美國和日本直接對抗的導火索發生在1941年12月7日。
日本已經將其艦隊開進太平洋中部和西南部,包括美國在菲律賓的勢力范圍。
日本想通過轟炸美國在太平洋珍珠港的艦隊來消除美國的武力威脅。
突襲珍珠港并沒有摧毀美國海軍,但它導致美國立即正式對日本宣戰。
很快到了1945年,意大利已經投降,盟軍入侵德國首都。
4月30日,阿道夫希特勒自殺。緊接著5月份,德國宣布投降。
然而日本拒絕投降,還繼續激烈反抗。
所有盟國都在思考如何結束戰爭,以及阻止更多傷亡。
第一個計劃是“沒落行動”,該計劃是全面入侵日本本土。
However, Japan’s unique geography meant that there was really only one, predictable invasion entry point.
然而,日本獨特的地理環境意味著只有一個可入侵的入口:九州。
A preliminary study determined that as many as 280000 people would die in the invasion.
一項初步研究確定,超過280000人將死于這次侵略。
In July, the allies called for Japan to surrender, promising to bring "prompt and utter destruction" if they refused.
7月,同盟國要求日本投降,并指出如果拒絕的話將會遭受迅速而徹底的打擊。
Japan ignored their request.
日本無視了他們的要求。
Seemingly left with no better options, the decision was made by the US and the UK drop the secret atomic bomb on one of japan's industrial and military strongholds, Hiroshima.
似乎沒有更好的選擇,美國和英國秘密決定把原子彈投放到日本工業和軍事的重鎮之一,廣島。
It was also noted by US officials that the bomb would be a significant display of power in post-war relations with the Soviet Union.
美國官方還指出,在戰后與蘇聯的關系中,原子彈是一個展示實力的重要機會。
On august 6th, 1945, a bomber plane dropped the 15 kiloton bomb, killing 30% of Hiroshima's population, almost instantly.
1945年8月6日,一架轟炸機投下相當于1萬5千噸TNT當量的炸藥,廣島30%的人口幾乎立即死亡。
In the following days, the Allies again called for Japan's surrender, warning of further destruction if they refused.
后來幾天,盟軍再次呼吁日本投降,警告他們如果他們拒絕的話會有進一步的打擊措施。
Japan did not respond
日本沒有回應。
But by early morning Moscow Time, on August 9th, the Soviet Union surprised Japan by declaring war, and invading a Japanese held-city.
但到了莫斯科凌晨時間8月9日,蘇聯突然向日本宣戰,并入侵日本占領的一個城市。
This shook Japanese officials, who did not expect the Soviets to violate their neutrality agreement.
這一行動震驚了日本官方,他們沒有想到蘇聯會違反中立協議。
It also removed a huge assurance for Japan that the allies would not be able to easily invade them by land.
日本失去了強有力的保障,盟國軍隊無法輕易通過陸路進攻入侵他們。
Several hours later, the US dropped another atomic bomb, this time in Nagasaki, killing as many as 75000 people.
幾小時后,美國又投下一顆原子彈,這次在長崎,造成多達75000人死亡。
After six days of deliberations, Japan officially announced their unconditional surrender to August 15th, finally ending World War Two.
經過6天的商議,1945年8月15日,日本正式宣布無條件投降到,第二次世界大戰終于結束。
Today, the lasting effects of the bombings can still be seen throughout the two cities.
如今,在這兩個城市, 核爆帶來的持久影響仍然隨處可見。
Despite repairing the physical damage and rebuilding the relationship between the US and Japan, the events continue to weigh heavily in both countries histories.
盡管修復了物理損害,日本和美國之間也重建了關系。但是原子彈事件仍然給兩國關系帶來深遠影響。
Over the past 70 years, the moral excuse for dropping nuclear weapons has been widely challenged and debated.
過去70年,放棄核武器的道德觀念受到廣泛的質疑和爭論。
To find out how the US and Japan managed overcome their past and become the close allies they are today, check out this video.
想要了解美國和日本如何忘記過去,成為如今的親密盟友,來看這個視頻吧。
From 1945 to Japan’s independence in 1952 the United States occupied and rebuilt the country with a heavy emphasis on growth and stability.
從1945年到1952年美國結束對日本的占領,然后兩國重建發展和穩定的關系。