Summary
Where do people’s extraordinary abilities come from? Besides innate endowments, the answer is practice.It is not the practice in a traditional sense, but purposeful or deliberate practice. It is the most effective and most powerful types of practice that work by harnessing the adaptability of the human body and brain to create, step by step, the ability to do things that were previously not possible.
Furthermore, why and how does it work? Studies show that our body and brain are incredibly adaptable. So it is possible to shape the brain and body through deliberate training. Different from traditional approach, deliberate practice requires challenging homeostasis—getting out of our comfort zone—and forcing our brain or body to adapt .
Thus, we have purposeful? practice in a nutshell:Get outside our comfort zone but do it in a focused way, with clear goals, a plan for reaching those goals, and a way to monitor the progress. And figure out a way to maintain our motivation.
幾點收獲：
讀過第一二章，有以下幾點值得學(xué)習(xí)借鑒：
1、寫作的邏輯性。在謀篇布局方面，如何有條理地運用大量案例？例如：在第一章中，里面有大量的事例，既有第一手的實驗案例，也有涉及馬拉松，跳水、鋼琴、記憶練習(xí)等多方面的數(shù)據(jù)和事例。作者開篇就使用的Steve的例子，也就是自己的第一手實驗例子，因為第一手的案例對于讀者而言更具說服力；其次作者將大量的案例緊隨其后，緊緊圍繞開篇的案例，鞏固驗證了自己實驗的正確性和可行性。如果顛倒過來，先拋出大量二手事例，再寫自己的實驗，讀者就感覺有些凌亂，搞不清這么多事例的重點在哪里。這對于我們在寫作中運用案例有啟示。
又如，在第一章中說明觀點的時候，作者其實是分兩層推進(jìn)的，第一層，非同尋常的成績可以通過練習(xí)獲得；第二層，這種練習(xí)不是傳統(tǒng)意義的練習(xí)，而是有意識的練習(xí)，即刻意練習(xí)。如果讓我來寫，很可能就直接寫“非同尋常的成績通過刻意練習(xí)獲得”。而我們知道“練習(xí)”和“刻意練習(xí)”是不同的概念，混在一起寫的話，會感覺眉毛胡子一把抓。如果一下子說不清的話，不妨分開幾個論點闡述或推進(jìn)。
2、寫作的手法—總-分-總+but 的運用。在第二章的論述中大量使用了這一模式。例如在Shaping the Brain一節(jié)（見下圖）。這種論述模式簡潔明了，既把主要問題理清，又通過but將一些例外或注意事項加入，總體邏輯嚴(yán)密，條理清楚。這樣的寫作手法值得借鑒。
3、具有實踐指導(dǎo)意義的是：遇到“瓶頸問題”，怎么努力也停滯不前怎么辦？作者給出了三個解決的思路：
⑴不要死磕。The solution is not “try harder ”but rather “try differently ”。遇到困難，一味沖鋒陷陣不是好方法，搞不好信心大挫，鎩羽而歸。此時可行的辦法是廣開思路，尋求別的解決辦法繞開障礙物。另外終于知道“死磕”用英語怎么表達(dá)了，don’t try harder !
⑵求助高人。The best way to get past any barrier is to come at it from a different direction.高人也曾經(jīng)經(jīng)歷過你所面臨的挫折，所以他們會給出靠譜的建議。
⑶克服心理障礙。有些時候我們做事情，不是因為我們做不成，而是因為我們認(rèn)為我們做不成，而且通常是在認(rèn)知上出現(xiàn)了偏差，比如steve記憶數(shù)字串的例子，在挑戰(zhàn)更長的數(shù)串時，他認(rèn)為是數(shù)串的長度限制了記憶，而實際上問題在于他編碼的速度。當(dāng)他意識到自己的心理認(rèn)知偏差并迅速調(diào)整后，問題自然迎刃而解了。我感覺這就是一個paradigm shift的過程，運用七個習(xí)慣里面分析問題的方式，當(dāng)我們將“outside-in”的模式切換到“inside-out”,視角的變換會影響我們思考和解決問題的方式。再以steve的例子分析，他開始以為是外界outside（數(shù)串長短）影響了他挑戰(zhàn)高階，而事實上當(dāng)他轉(zhuǎn)變視角，從inside（自己編碼的速度）來看待問題時，這個paradigm shift的過程就幫他找到了解決問題的方法，突破了瓶頸。
字詞
1.we have purposeful practice in a nutshell / in a nutshell 簡而言之= in brief ,in short , in a word , in general
2.push這個詞很好用文中出現(xiàn)幾次，表達(dá)很努力可以用/ Steve was pushing each day to increase the number of digits he could remember/ Steve pushed himself to get better .
3.he starred pumping himself up as the strings increased in length/ pump up =prepare yourself for it mentally / 聯(lián)想：Psych up.
4.With this head start , Dario was able to improve much more quickly than Steve had /head start =advantage gained by an beginning early先發(fā)優(yōu)勢/ 聯(lián)想jump start = startworking quickly.
5.The consequences are a boon for optometrists and a bother for the over-fifty crowd ./一個有用的句式something are a boon for A and a bother for B就是對一個人來說是好事，而對另外一個人來說是麻煩事/ 聯(lián)想：one man’s meat is another man’s poison, One person’s mission is another person’s minutiae./仿句：Online shopping is a boon for customers and a bother for brick-and-mortar stores.
